CONTENTS -- LIST OF FIGURES -- LIST OF TABLES -- LIST OF BOXES -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- Introduction -- PART I: THE GLOBAL TRADING SYSTEM -- 1. The Trading System in Perspective -- 1.1. Trade and Global Integration -- 1.2. Trade and Trade Agreements in History -- 1.3. Functions of the Multilateral Trading System -- 1.4. From GATT to WTO -- 1.5. The Challenge of Global Cooperation -- 1.6. Further Reading -- PART II: THE INSTITUTION -- 2. The World Trade Organization -- 2.1. Scope, Functions and Structure of the WTO -- 2.2. Decision-Making -- 2.3. Transparency: Notification and Surveillance -- 2.4. Accession -- 2.5. The WTO and other International Organizations -- 2.6. Nongovernmental Actors and the WTO -- 2.7. Conclusion -- 2.8. Further Reading -- 3. Dispute Settlement and Enforcement of Rules -- 3.1. The Wto Dispute Settlement Procedures -- 3.2. Operation of the System -- 3.3. Systemic Issues -- 3.4. The Domestic Dimensions of Enforcement -- 3.5. Conclusion -- 3.6. Further Reading -- 4. Negotiating Forum -- 4.1. Overview of Negotiating Rounds -- 4.2. Multilateral Trade Liberalization -- 4.3. Interest Groups and Lobbying Activity -- 4.4. Reciprocity and the Mechanics of Negotiations -- 4.5. A Typology of Key Aspects of Trade Negotiations -- 4.6. Further Reading -- PART III: THE MULTILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS -- 5. Trade in Goods -- 5.1. Tariffs, Para-Tariffs and Indirect Taxes -- 5.2. Quantitative Restrictions and Import Licensing -- 5.3. Customs Clearance-Related Provisions -- 5.4. Subsidies -- 5.5. State Trading Enterprises -- 5.6. Technical Regulations and Product Standards -- 5.7. Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures -- 5.8. Trade-Related Investment Measures -- 5.9. Conclusion -- 5.10. Further Reading -- 6. Sector-Specific Multilateral Trade Agreements -- 6.1. Agriculture -- 6.2. Textiles and Clothing.

6.3. The Information Technology Agreement -- 6.4. Conclusion -- 6.5. Further Reading -- 7. Trade in Services -- 7.1. Conceptual and Empirical Issues -- 7.2. Barriers and Potential Gains from Reform -- 7.3. The Uruguay Round Negotiations -- 7.4. The GATS -- 7.5. Sector-Specific Negotiations and Agreements -- 7.6. Electronic Commerce -- 7.7. The Challenge of Expanding the GATS -- 7.8. Conclusion -- 7.9. Further Reading -- 8. Protection of Intellectual Property -- 8.1. Intellectual Property and International Trade -- 8.2. International Conventions and GATT History -- 8.3. The Uruguay Round Negotiations -- 8.4. WTO Rules on Intellectual Property Rights -- 8.5. Implementation Concerns and Challenges -- 8.6. Conclusion -- 8.7. Further Reading -- PART IV: HOLES AND LOOPHOLES -- 9. Safeguards and Exceptions -- 9.1. Renegotiation of Concessions -- 9.2. Waivers -- 9.3. Emergency Protection and VERS -- 9.4. Antidumping Actions -- 9.5. Measures to Countervail Subsidized Imports -- 9.6. Trade Restrictions for Balance of Payments Purposes -- 9.7. Infant Industry Protection -- 9.8. General Exceptions -- 9.9. Conclusion -- 9.10. Further Reading -- 10. Regional Integration -- 10.1. Motivations for Regional Economic Integration -- 10.2. GATT Article XXIV: Preferential Trade Agreements -- 10.3. GATS Article V: Economic Integration -- 10.4. Trading Blocs and the Trading System -- 10.5. Conclusion -- 10.6. Further Reading -- 11. Plurilateral Agreements -- 11.1 Government Procurement -- 11.2. The Civil Aircraft Agreement -- 11.3. Conclusion -- 11.4. Further Reading -- PART V: CHALLENGES FOR THE TRADING SYSTEM -- 12. Integrating Developing Countries and Economies in Transition -- 12.1. Special and Differential Treatment -- 12.2. Changing Attitudes Towards the Trading System -- 12.3. Developing Country Participation in the WTO.

12.4. Implementation of Multilateral Agreements -- 12.5. Expanding Membership -- 12.6. Conclusion -- 12.7. Further Reading -- 13. Towards Deeper Integration? The 'Trade and' Agenda -- 13.1. Contestability of Markets as a Criterion -- 13.2. Foreign Direct Investment Policies -- 13.3. Competition Law -- 13.4. Trade Facilitation -- 13.5. Environmental Policies -- 13.6. Social Policies and Labor Standards -- 13.7. Domestic Regulation -- 13.8. Conclusion -- 13.9. Further Reading -- 14. Legitimacy, Coherence and Governance -- 14.1. Industry and Trade Policy Formation -- 14.2. NGOs and Civil Society -- 14.3. Governance of the Wto -- 14.4. Coherence of National Policies -- 14.5. Conclusion -- 14.6. Further Reading -- 15. Whither the Trading System? -- ANNEXES -- Annex 1: GATT/WTO Membership, 2000 -- Annex 2: Economic Effects of Trade Policy-Basic Concepts -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- W -- X -- Z.