Front Cover -- The Neuroscience of Autism Spectrum Disorders -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction -- Section 1 - AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS -- Chapter 1.1 Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders -- INTRODUCTION -- SELECTION OF STUDIES -- STUDY DESIGNS -- PREVALENCE ESTIMATIONS -- TIME TRENDS IN PREVALENCE AND THEIR INTERPRETATION -- OTHER CORRELATES: RACE, IMMIGRANT, AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS -- CONCLUSION -- CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- Suggested Reading -- References -- Chapter 1.2 The Behavioral Manifestations of Autism Spectrum Disorders -- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ASD BEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS -- CORE FEATURES OF ASD -- HETEROGENEITY IN BEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ASD -- DIAGNOSIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF ASD -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- Chapter 1.3 Early Manifestations of Autism Spectrum Disorders -- EARLY BIOLOGICAL MARKERS -- BEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS IN RETROSPECTIVE REPORTS -- PROSPECTIVE STUDIES -- THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS -- References -- Chapter 1.4 Asperger Syndrome and its Relationships to Autism -- DIAGNOSTIC CONCEPT -- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMORBIDITY -- ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY -- ASSESSMENT -- TREATMENT, INTERVENTIONS, AND OUTCOME -- DEVELOPMENTAL COURSE AND OUTCOME -- FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- References -- Chapter 1.5 Behavioral and Psychosocial Interventions for Individuals with ASD -- EARLY INTENSIVE BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION -- SCHOOL-BASED TREATMENT APPROACHES -- INTERVENTIONS ADDRESSING SOCIALIZATION IMPAIRMENTS -- COMMUNICATION INTERVENTIONS -- TREATMENTS FOR BEHAVIORAL AND PSYCHIATRIC PROBLEMS -- ANXIETY-MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS -- AUXILIARY AND COMPLEMENTARY/ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT APPROACHES -- FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR BEHAVIORAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS IN ASD -- References.

Chapter 1.6 Current Trends in the Pharmacological Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders -- INTRODUCTION -- AGGRESSION -- ATTENTION DEFICIT AND HYPERACTIVITY -- ANXIETY AND REPETITIVE BEHAVIORS -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- References -- Chapter 1.7 Novel Therapeutics in Autism Spectrum Disorders -- INTRODUCTION -- CHALLENGES FOR NOVEL THERAPEUTICS IN ASD -- TRANSLATING GENOMIC ADVANCES INTO NOVEL THERAPEUTICS -- OTHER POTENTIAL NOVEL PHARMACOLOGICAL TARGETS -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- Section 2 - ETIOLOGY OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS -- Chapter 2.1 Etiological Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Role of Rare Variants -- INTRODUCTION -- GENETIC DISORDERS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH ASD -- GENETIC OVERLAP BETWEEN ASD AND INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY -- GENETIC OVERLAP BETWEEN ASD AND EPILEPSY -- METABOLIC DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH ASD -- OTHER EXAMPLES OF ETIOLOGICAL SUBGROUPS ASSOCIATED WITH ASD -- MYRIAD BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Chapter 2.2 Copy Number Variation in Autism Spectrum Disorders -- INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND -- GENETICS OF ASD -- ASD-RELATED SYNDROMES AND CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES -- COPY NUMBER VARIATION: TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS AND INTERPRETATION -- COPY NUMBER VARIATION IN ASD -- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE STUDIES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Chapter 2.3 Common Genetic Variants in Autism Spectrum Disorders -- INTRODUCTION -- LINKAGE STUDIES IN AUTISM -- ASSOCIATION STUDIES IN AUTISM -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- Chapter 2.4 Next-Generation Sequencing For Gene and Pathway Discovery and Analysis in Autism Spectrum Disorders -- INTRODUCTION -- NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGIES -- PYROSEQUENCING -- APPLICATION OF NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGIES IN HUMAN DISEASE -- NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS -- CONCLUSION -- References.

Chapter 2.5 Mitochondria and Autism Spectrum Disorders -- THE BIRTH OF MITOCHONDRIAL MEDICINE -- WHAT IS DEFINITE MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE? -- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE -- DEFINITE MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE IS A RARE CAUSE OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS -- MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE AND AUTISM RESPOND DIFFERENTLY TO THE SAME TREATMENTS -- NUCLEAR MITOCHONDRIAL GENOCARTOGRAPHY AND CNVS -- MITOCHONDRIA AND THE CONTROL OF CNVS, DNA INSTABILITY, AND REPAIR -- MITOCELLULAR HORMESIS -- MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS IN METABOLISM -- MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS IN INNATE IMMUNITY -- REGRESSION -- STORM, FLARE, AND FADE RESPONSES -- THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF PURINERGIC SIGNALING IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Chapter 2.6 Parental and Perinatal Risk Factors for Autism: Epidemiological Findings and Potential Mechanisms -- INTRODUCTION -- ADVANCING PARENTAL AGE AND RISK OF ASD -- GROWTH RESTRICTION AND PRETERM BIRTH -- INTEGRATION OF STUDY RESULTS: A META-ANALYSIS OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF PARENTAL AGE, PRETERM BIRTH AND GROWTH RESTRICT ... -- ADVANCING MATERNAL AGE -- ADVANCING PATERNAL AGE -- GROWTH RESTRICTION AND PRETERM BIRTH -- SUMMARY OF META-ANALYSIS -- POTENTIAL ETIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS -- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Chapter 2.7 The Environment in Autism Spectrum Disorders -- BACKGROUND -- EXOGENOUS MEDICALLY RELATED FACTORS -- MATERNAL LIFESTYLE FACTORS -- ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS -- SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- References -- Chapter 2.8 Hormonal Influences in Typical Development: Implications for Autism -- SEX BIASES IN CLINICAL CONDITIONS -- TYPICAL SEX DIFFERENCES AND ASC -- HUMAN BEHAVIORAL SEX DIFFERENCES AND EXPOSURE TO HORMONES -- THE ROLE OF FETAL TESTOSTERONE IN COGNITIVE SEX DIFFERENCES AND AUTISTIC TRAITS -- SUMMARY OF THE CAMBRIDGE CHILD DEVELOPMENT PROJECT.

ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS -- LIMITATIONS OF MEASURING PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO HORMONES IN AMNIOTIC FLUID -- FURTHER EVIDENCE IMPLICATING TESTOSTERONE IN AUTISM -- FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- Chapter 2.9 Immune Abnormalities and Autism Spectrum Disorders -- HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP OF IMMUNE ABNORMALITIES WITH ASD -- INTRODUCTION TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM -- ABNORMALITIES IN INNATE IMMUNITY IN ASD -- ABNORMALITIES IN THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN ASD -- AUTOIMMUNITY -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- Section 3 - BRAIN IMAGING AND NEUROPATHOLOGY OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS -- Chapter 3.1 Structural and Functional MRI Studies of Autism Spectrum Disorders -- INTRODUCTION -- STRUCTURAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING -- FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Chapter 3.2 DTI and Tractography in the Autistic Brain -- INTRODUCTION -- DIFFUSION AS A RANDOM PROCESS -- DIFFUSION IN THE BRAIN -- HOW MR CAN MEASURE DIFFUSION -- THE DIFFUSION TENSOR MODEL OF MICROSTRUCTURE -- DIFFUSION AND SCALAR MEASURES IN ASD -- POPULATION STATISTICS AND PATTERN CLASSIFIERS BASED ON DTI -- DTI TRACTOGRAPHY -- ADVANCED TRACT METRICS AND FULL BRAIN NETWORKS -- HIGH-ANGULAR-RESOLUTION DIFFUSION IMAGING (HARDI) -- GLOSSARY -- References -- Chapter 3.3 Attentional Network Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorders -- INTRODUCTION -- ATTENTION AS AN ORGAN SYSTEM -- IMPAIRMENTS OF ATTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR NEURAL SUBSTRATES IN AUTISM -- THE ATTENTION MODEL OF AUTISM -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Chapter 3.4 The Cerebellum in Autism Spectrum Disorders -- INTRODUCTION -- GROSS ANATOMIC STRUCTURE -- MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS IN THE CEREBELLUM AND RELATED OLIVE -- THE ROLE OF THE CEREBELLUM IN ASD - CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS -- FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References.

Chapter 3.5 The Amygdala in Autism Spectrum Disorders -- INTRODUCTION -- THE TYPICALLY DEVELOPING AMYGDALA -- TYPICAL FUNCTION OF THE AMYGDALA -- AMYGDALA FUNCTIONAL ABNORMALITIES IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS -- STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES IN THE AMYGDALA IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS -- CELLULAR ABNORMALITIES IN THE AMYGDALA IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS -- SUMMARY -- References -- Chapter 3.6 Discrete Cortical Neuropathology in Autism Spectrum Disorders -- WHOLE-BRAIN CHANGES -- PREFRONTAL CORTEX -- INFERIOR FRONTAL CORTEX -- FUSIFORM GYRUS -- FRONTOINSULAR CORTEX -- ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX -- POSTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX -- HIPPOCAMPUS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Chapter 3.7 The Minicolumnopathy of Autism Spectrum Disorders -- INTRODUCTION -- CORTICOGENESIS -- CORTICAL MODULARITY -- THE MINICOLUMNOPATHY OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER -- References -- Chapter 3.8 Inhibitory and Excitatory Systems in Autism Spectrum Disorders -- THE EXCITATION: INHIBITION HYPOTHESIS OF AUTISM -- EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF CHANGES IN THE GABAERGIC SYSTEM IN AUTISM -- EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF CHANGES IN THE GLUTAMATERGIC SYSTEM IN ASD -- NEUROIMAGING STUDIES OF THE GABAERGIC AND GLUTAMATERGIC SYSTEMS IN ASD -- EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF CHANGES IN THE SEROTONERGIC SYSTEM IN AUTISM AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR PHARMACOTHERAPEUTIC TREATMENT -- NEUROIMAGING STUDIES OF THE SEROTONERGIC SYSTEM IN ASD -- ADDITIONAL COMMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS -- References -- Chapter 3.9 Clinicopathological Stratification of Idiopathic Autism and Autism with 15q11.2-q13 Duplications -- GENETIC FACTORS IN AUTISM -- DUPLICATIONS OF CHROMOSOME 15Q11Q13 -- GENE EXPRESSION IN DUP(15) -- CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS -- NEUROPATHOLOGY OF AUTISM WITH DUP(15) AND OF IDIOPATHIC AUTISM.

INCREASED PREVALENCE OF BRAIN TRANSIENT OVERGROWTH AND MACROCEPHALY IN IDIOPATHIC AUTISM AND MICROCEPHALY IN DUP(15) AUTISM.