Aquaculture Engineering -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Aquaculture engineering -- 1.2 Classification of aquaculture -- 1.3 The farm: technical components in a system -- 1.3.1 Land-based hatchery and juvenile production farm -- 1.3.2 On-growing sea cage farm -- 1.4 Future trends: increased importance of aquaculture engineering -- 1.5 This textbook -- References -- 2 Water Transport -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Pipe and pipe parts -- 2.2.1 Pipes -- 2.2.2 Valves -- 2.2.3 Pipe parts: fittings -- 2.2.4 Pipe connections: jointing -- 2.2.5 Mooring of pipes -- 2.2.6 Ditches for pipes -- 2.3 Water flow and head loss in channels and pipe systems -- 2.3.1 Water flow -- 2.3.2 Head loss in pipelines -- 2.3.3 Head loss in single parts (fittings) -- 2.4 Pumps -- 2.4.1 Types of pump -- 2.4.2 Some definitions -- 2.4.3 Pumping of water requires energy -- 2.4.4 Centrifugal and propeller pumps -- 2.4.5 Pump performance curves and working point for centrifugal pumps -- 2.4.6 Change of water flow or pressure -- 2.4.7 Regulation of flow from selected pumps -- References -- 3 Water Quality and Water Treatment: An Introduction -- 3.1 Increased focus on water quality -- 3.2 Inlet water -- 3.3 Outlet water -- 3.4 Water treatment -- References -- 4 Fish Metabolism, Water Quality and Separation Technology -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Fish metabolism -- 4.2.1 Overview of fish metabolism -- 4.2.2 The energy budget -- 4.3 Separation technology -- 4.3.1 What are the impurities in water? -- 4.3.2 Phosphorus removal: an example -- References -- 5 Adjustment of pH -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Definitions -- 5.3 Problems with low pH -- 5.4 pH of different water sources -- 5.5 pH adjustment -- 5.6 Examples of methods for pH adjustment -- 5.6.1 Lime -- 5.6.2 Sea water -- 5.6.3 Lye or hydroxides -- References -- 6 Removal of Particles: Traditional Methods.

6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Characterization of the water -- 6.3 Methods for particle removal in fish farming -- 6.3.1 Mechanical filters and microscreens -- 6.3.2 Depth filtration: granular medium filters -- 6.3.3 Settling or gravity filters -- 6.3.4 Integrated treatment systems -- 6.4 Hydraulic loads on filter units -- 6.5 Purification efficiency -- 6.6 Dual drain tank -- 6.7 Local ecological solutions -- References -- 7 Protein Skimming, Flotation, Coagulation and Flocculation -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Surface tension, cohesion and adhesion -- 7.1.2 Surfactants -- 7.2 Mechanisms for attachment and removal -- 7.2.1 Attachment of particles to rising bubbles by collision, typically in flotation -- 7.2.2 Improving colloid and particle removal rates: pretreatment -- 7.2.3 Attachment of surface-active substances, typically in protein skimmers -- 7.2.4 Particle attachment by nucleation -- 7.3 Bubbles -- 7.3.1 What is a gas bubble? -- 7.3.2 Methods for bubble generation -- 7.3.3 Bubble size -- 7.3.4 Bubble coalescence -- 7.4 Foam -- 7.4.1 What is foam? -- 7.4.2 Foam stability -- 7.4.3 Foam breakers -- 7.5 Introduction of bubbles affects the gas concentration in the water -- 7.6 Use of bubble columns in aquaculture -- 7.7 Performance of protein skimmers and flotation plants in aquaculture -- 7.7.1 What is removed in inlet or effluent aquaculture water with the use of protein skimmers? -- 7.7.2 Factors affecting the efficiency of protein skimming in aquaculture -- 7.7.3 Use of ozone -- 7.7.4 Bubble fractionation -- 7.8 Design and dimensioning of protein skimmers and flotation plants -- 7.8.1 Protein skimmers: principles and design -- 7.8.2 Protein skimmers: dimensioning -- 7.8.3 Flotation plant -- 7.8.4 Important factors affecting design of a DAF plant -- References -- 8 Membrane Filtration -- 8.1 History and use -- 8.2 What is membrane filtration?.

8.3 Classification of membrane filters -- 8.4 Flow pattern -- 8.5 Membrane shape/geometry -- 8.6 Membrane construction/morphology -- 8.7 Flow across membranes -- 8.8 Membrane materials -- 8.9 Fouling -- 8.10 Automation -- 8.11 Design and dimensioning of membrane filtration plants -- 8.12 Some examples of results with membranes used in aquaculture -- References -- 9 Sludge Production, Treatment and Utilization -- 9.1 What is the sludge? -- 9.2 Dewatering of sludge -- 9.3 Stabilization of sludge -- 9.4 Composting of the sludge: aerobic decomposition -- 9.5 Fermentation and biogas production: anaerobic decomposition -- 9.6 Addition of lime -- 9.7 Utilization of sludge -- References -- 10 Disinfection -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Basis of disinfection -- 10.2.1 Degree of removal -- 10.2.2 Chick's law -- 10.2.3 Watson's law -- 10.2.4 Dose-response curve -- 10.3 Ultraviolet light -- 10.3.1 Function -- 10.3.2 Mode of action -- 10.3.3 Design -- 10.3.4 Design specification -- 10.3.5 Dose -- 10.3.6 Special problems -- 10.4 Ozone -- 10.4.1 Function -- 10.4.2 Mode of action -- 10.4.3 Design specification -- 10.4.4 Ozone dose -- 10.4.5 Special problems -- 10.4.6 Measuring ozone content -- 10.5 Advanced oxidation technology -- 10.5.1 Redox potential -- 10.5.2 Methods utilizing AOT -- 10.6 Other disinfection methods -- 10.6.1 Photozone -- 10.6.2 Heat treatment -- 10.6.3 Chlorine -- 10.6.4 Changing the pH -- 10.6.5 Natural methods: ground filtration or constructed wetland -- 10.6.6 Membrane filtration -- References -- 11 Heating and Cooling -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Heating requires energy -- 11.3 Methods for heating water -- 11.4 Heaters -- 11.4.1 Immersion heaters -- 11.4.2 Oil and gas burners -- 11.5 Heat exchangers -- 11.5.1 Why use heat exchangers? -- 11.5.2 How is the heat transferred? -- 11.5.3 Factors affecting heat transfer.

11.5.4 Important parameters when calculating the size of heat exchangers -- 11.5.5 Types of heat exchanger -- 11.5.6 Flow pattern in heat exchangers -- 11.5.7 Materials in heat exchangers -- 11.5.8 Fouling -- 11.6 Heat pumps -- 11.6.1 Why use heat pumps? -- 11.6.2 Construction and function of a heat pump -- 11.6.3 Log pressure-enthalpy (p-H) -- 11.6.4 Coefficient of performance -- 11.6.5 Installations of heat pumps -- 11.6.6 Management and maintenance of heat pumps -- 11.7 Composite heating systems -- 11.8 Chilling of water -- References -- 12 Aeration and Oxygenation -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Gases in water -- 12.3 Gas theory: aeration -- 12.3.1 Equilibrium -- 12.3.2 Gas transfer -- 12.4 Design and construction of aerators -- 12.4.1 Basic principles -- 12.4.2 Evaluation criteria -- 12.4.3 Example of designs for different types of aerator -- 12.5 Oxygenation of water -- 12.6 Theory of oxygenation -- 12.6.1 Increasing the equilibrium concentration -- 12.6.2 Gas transfer velocity -- 12.6.3 Addition under pressure -- 12.7 Design and construction of oxygen injection systems -- 12.7.1 Basic principles -- 12.7.2 Where to install the injection system -- 12.7.3 Evaluation of methods for injecting oxygen gas -- 12.7.4 Examples of oxygen injection system designs -- 12.8 Oxygen gas characteristics -- 12.9 Sources of oxygen -- 12.9.1 Oxygen gas -- 12.9.2 Liquid oxygen -- 12.9.3 On-site oxygen production -- 12.9.4 Selection of source -- Appendix 12.1 -- Appendix 12.2 -- References -- 13 Ammonia Removal -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Biological removal of ammonium ion -- 13.3 Nitrification -- 13.4 Construction of nitrification filters -- 13.4.1 Flow-through system -- 13.4.2 The filter medium in the biofilter -- 13.4.3 Rotating biofilter (biodrum) -- 13.4.4 Moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) -- 13.4.5 Granular filters/bead filters.

13.5 Management of biological filters -- 13.6 Example of biofilter design -- 13.7 Denitrification -- 13.8 Chemical removal of ammonia -- 13.8.1 Principle -- 13.8.2 Construction -- References -- 14 Traditional Recirculation and Water Re-use Systems -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Advantages and disadvantages of re-use systems -- 14.2.1 Advantages of re-use systems -- 14.2.2 Disadvantages of re-use systems -- 14.3 Definitions -- 14.3.1 Degree of re-use -- 14.3.2 Water exchange in relation to amount of fish -- 14.3.3 Degree of purification -- 14.4 Theoretical models for construction of re-use systems -- 14.4.1 Mass flow in the system -- 14.4.2 Water requirements of the system -- 14.4.3 Connection between outlet concentration, degree of re-use and effectiveness of the water treatment system -- 14.5 Components in a re-use system -- 14.6 Design of a re-use system -- References -- 15 Natural Systems, Integrated Aquaculture, Aquaponics, Biofloc -- 15.1 Characterization of production systems -- 15.2 Closing the nutrient loop -- 15.3 Re-use of water: an interesting topic -- 15.4 Natural systems, polyculture, integrated systems -- 15.4.1 Integrated multitropic aquaculture -- 15.4.2 Biological purification of water: some basics -- 15.4.3 Examples of systems utilizing photoautotrophic organisms: aquaponics -- 15.4.4 Examples of systems utilizing heterotrophic bacteria: active sludge and bioflocs -- 15.4.5 The biofloc system -- References -- 16 Production Units: A Classification -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Classification of production units -- 16.2.1 Intensive/extensive -- 16.2.2 Fully controlled/semi-controlled -- 16.2.3 Land based/tidal based/sea based -- 16.2.4 Other -- 16.3 Possibilities for controlling environmental impact -- 17 Egg Storage and Hatching Equipment -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Systems where the eggs stay pelagic -- 17.2.1 The incubator.

17.2.2 Water inlet and water flow.