Up and down the Cline - The Nature of Grammaticalization -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC page -- Table of contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The principle of unidirectionality -- 3. Semantic change -- 4. Standardization -- 5. Reanalysis, polysemy and homonymy -- 6. Form -- 7. Outlook -- Notes -- References -- On directionality in language change with particular reference to grammaticalization* -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Universals of change and directionality constraints -- 3. Unidirectionality of grammaticalization -- 3.1. How important is unidirectionality? -- 3.2. Partially valid criticism -- 3.3. Invalid criticism -- 4. Antigrammaticalization and ``degrammaticalization'' -- 4.1. Antigrammaticalization: The reversal of grammaticalization -- 4.2. Delocutive word-formation from function words and affixes -- 4.3. Back-formation of bound compound members -- 4.4. Adverb-to-verb/noun conversion -- 4.5. Phonogenesis -- 4.6. Loss of an inflectional category with traces -- 4.7. Retraction -- 5. Conclusion -- 5.1. Broader agendas -- 5.2. Terminology -- 5.3. Broad agreement -- Notes -- References -- Rescuing traditional (historical) linguistics from grammaticalization theory* -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Grammaticalization as anti-neogrammarian (or: a-historical linguistics as well as a-historical) -- 3. Grammaticalization as ahistorical -- 4. Unidirectionality and traditional historical linguistics -- 5. Grammaticalization as asynchronic -- 6. Conclusion - being fair to grammaticalization but at the same time (and overridingly) being fair to language history -- Notes -- References -- The English s-genitive -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The English s-genitive as a case of degrammaticalization -- 2.1. The grammatical status of possessive 's (POSS 's) -- 2.2. Why a case of degrammaticalization (if at all)? - Or: `Anything goes'.

3. The development of POSS 's - a historical scenario -- 3.1. Stages towards POSS 's as a phrase marker -- 3.2. Phrasal lexicalization and (phrasal) N+N constructions -- 3.3. The new function of the s-genitive as a (definite) determiner -- 4. A case of degrammaticalization? -- Notes -- References -- An investigation into the marginal modals dare and need in British present-day English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Aim -- 3. The classification of dare and need: Formal features -- 4. Material -- 5. The status of need and dare in British PDE -- 5.1. The status of need in the BNC -- 5.2. The status of dare in the BNC -- 6. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- Notes -- Text sources -- References -- Redefining unidirectionality -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Defining unidirectionality -- 2.1. The semantic underpinning of unidirectionality -- 2.2. Examples of degrammaticalisation -- 2.3. Further discussions -- 3. Demodalisation as degrammaticalisation -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- From pronominalizer to pragmatic marker -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Defining grammaticalization and (uni)directionality -- 2.1. On the mechanisms of grammaticalization -- 2.2. (Uni)directionality in grammaticalization -- 3. The grammaticalization of pronominalizers into pragmatic markers -- 3.1. Japanese no -- 3.2. Mandarin de and other dialectal equivalents -- 3.3. Malay (em)punya -- 4. Implications for unidirectionality -- 4.1. Ontological levels -- 4.2. Conceptual networks/implicational maps -- 5. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- Notes -- References -- Conditionals and subjectification -- 1. Introduction -- 2. From Middle to Early Modern English: The data -- 2.1. Semantic and structural trends -- 2.2. Preliminary hypothesis -- 3. From verb to conjunction -- 3.1. Categorial reanalysis -- 3.2. Subjectification -- 4. A deontic polysemy?.

5. Implications of the results for a theory of semantic change -- Notes -- References -- Corpora -- Unidirectionality in the grammaticalization of modality in Greek -- 1. Introduction: Mood and modality -- 2. Mood and modality in Greek -- 2.1. A morphological imperative -- 2.2. Indicative and subjunctive -- 2.3. Modal auxiliaries -- 3. Conclusions and implications for the general theory -- Notes -- References -- How cognitive is grammaticalization? -- 1. The `auxiliation constraint' -- 2. The perfet perifràstic of Catalan -- 3. Step 1: From movement in space to inchoative aspect -- 4. Step 2: Inchoative constructions as discourse-structuring devices -- 5. Digression: Grammaticalization and areal convergence -- 6. Step 3: From `extra-heavy' foregrounding to aoristic tense -- 7. Digression: The `hot-news' perfect in contemporary Peninsular Spanish -- Notes -- References -- Perfect and resultative constructions in spoken and non-standard English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The data -- 3. The Perfect and definite past time adverbs -- 4. Perfect and Simple Past -- 4.1. Recent Past -- 4.2. Experiential -- 4.3. Result -- 5. Is the Perfect changing? -- 6. Resultative constructions in Scottish English/Scots -- 7. Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Grammaticalization and standardization -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Questions about the analysis of standardized languages -- 3. Unexplicated changes and explicated norms -- 3.1. The standardization of the constructions of necessity -- 3.2. From logophoric pronouns to discourse particles -- 4. From verb to particle - an interrupted change -- 4.1. Answers to questions -- 4.2. Compound co-ordinating conjunction -- 4.3. The ideology of agreement -- 5. Summary -- Abbreviations -- Notes -- References -- External factors behind cross-linguistic similarities -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The conjunction kun.

2.1. Kun in the spoken variety of Finnish -- 2.2. Kun in the written variety of Finnish -- 3. The converb essa -- 3.1. Changes in the use of essa in literary Finnish -- 3.2. Translation contacts -- 3.3. The influence of Swedish -- 4. Summary and theoretical implications -- Abbreviations -- Notes -- References -- What constitutes a case of grammaticalization? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. An introduction to demonstrative-forms in Passamaquoddy -- 3. Demonstrative-forms in a verbless construction with two lexical NP terms -- 4. Demonstrative-forms in other verbless clauses -- 4.1. Clauses where the demonstrative-form agrees in the plural but not in the singular -- 4.2. Clauses where the demonstrative-form does not agree with the terms -- 4.3. The relevance of information structure -- 4.4. Grammatical status of the demonstrative-forms in Section 4 -- 5. Discussion -- 6. Summary -- List of abbreviations -- Notes -- References -- Multi-categorial items as underspecified lexical entries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Preliminaries: Kambera argument marking -- 3. The distinct functions of wàngu -- 3.1. Wàngu as an independent instrumental verb -- 3.2. Wàngu as the second verb in a verbal compound -- 3.3. Wàngu as either a verb or a preposition -- 3.4. Wàngu as the head of a prepositional phrase -- 3.5. Wàngu as ambiguous item with a clausal complement -- 3.6. Wàngu as a matrix verb -- 4. The wàngu ``grammaticalization chain'' is in fact only one lexical item -- 5. Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- The acquisition of polysemous forms -- 1. Introduction -- 2. bei2: Range of functions -- 3. Links between the functions -- 3.1. Shared semantics: Transfer, dative and permissive -- 3.2. The linkage of the passive construction to the `core' -- 3.3. Syntactic retention -- 4. Predictions on developmental sequence -- 5. Corpus and utterance extraction.

6. Results and discussion -- 6.1. Frequency -- 6.2. Age of emergence -- 6.3. Collocation patterns -- 7. Conclusion -- Key -- Notes -- Corpus -- References -- Phonetic absence as syntactic prominence -- 1. Grammaticalization in isolating tonal languages -- 2. Phonetic erosion in Sinitic -- 2.1. Tonal registers in Sinitic -- 2.2. The neutral tone option and tone sandhi -- 3. The grammaticalized constructions examined -- 3.1. Cantonese -- 3.2. Hokkien -- 4. Materials and data collection and analysis -- 4.1. Controlling the data -- 4.2. The subjects -- 5. Discussion -- 5.1. Vowel quality -- 5.2. Duration -- 5.3. Fundamental frequency (F0) -- 5.4. Intensity -- 5.5. Summary -- 6. Significance -- 7. Conclusions -- List of abbreviations -- Notes -- References -- Grammaticalization of word order -- 1. Introductory remarks -- 2. Genitive construction in Old Lithuanian -- 2.1. General facts and previous research -- 2.2. Anchoring vs. non-anchoring relations in the genitive construction -- 2.3. Referentiality and word order in the Old Lithuanian genitive construction -- 2.4. The problem of foreign influence -- 3. The Lithuanian genitive construction from a diachronic point of view -- 3.1. Emergence of rigid word order as a process of grammaticalisation -- 3.2. Direction of extension of ordering patterns -- 4. On functional convergence between genitives and adjectives -- 5. The Lithuanian NP as a counterexample to typological word order tendencies -- 6. Concluding remarks -- Notes -- References -- Language index -- Name index -- Subject index -- The series Typological Studies in Language.