MAKING TELECOMS WORK -- Contents -- Foreword -- List of Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Differentiating Technology and Engineering Innovation -- 1.2 Differentiating Invention and Innovation -- 1.3 The Role of Standards, Regulation and Competition Policy -- 1.4 Mobile Broadband Auction Values - Spectral Costs and Liabilities and Impact on Operator Balance Sheets -- 1.5 TV and Broadcasting and Mobile Broadband Regulation -- 1.6 Technology Convergence as a Precursor of Market Convergence? -- 1.7 Mobile Broadband Traffic Growth Forecasts and the Related Impact on Industry Profitability -- 1.8 Radio versus Copper, Cable and Fibre - Comparative Economics -- 1.9 Standardised Description Frameworks - OSI Seven-Layer Model as a Market and Business Descriptor -- 1.10 Technology and Engineering Economics - Regional Shifts and Related Influence on the Design and Supply Chain, RF Component Suppliers and the Operator Community -- 1.11 Apple as an Example of Technology-Led Market Innovation -- Part I USER HARDWARE -- 2 Physical Layer Connectivity -- 2.1 Differentiating Guided and Unguided Media -- 2.2 The Transfer of Bandwidth from Broadcasting to Mobile Broadband -- 2.3 The Cost of Propagation Loss and Impact of OFDM -- 2.4 Competition or Collaboration? -- 2.5 The Smith Chart as a Descriptor of Technology Economics, Vector Analysis and Moore's Law -- 2.6 Innovation Domains, Enabling Technologies and their Impact on the Cost of Delivery -- 2.6.1 Graphene - The New Enabler? -- 2.6.2 The Evolution of Photonics -- 2.6.3 Free-Space Optics -- 2.6.4 Infrared Optical Systems -- 2.7 Cable Performance Benchmarks -- 2.8 Hybrid Fibre Coaxial Systems -- 2.9 The DVB-S Satellite Alternative -- 2.10 Terrestrial TV -- 2.11 Copper Access - ADSL and VDSL Evolution.

2.12 The Copper Conundrum - the Disconnect between Competition Policy and Technical Reality -- 2.13 OFDM in Wireless - A Similar Story? -- 2.13.1 Transforms in Historical Context -- 2.13.2 How Fourier Transforms Deliver Performance Differentiation -- 2.13.3 Characteristics of the Fourier Transform -- 2.13.4 The IDFT and DFT as Used in a WiFi Transceiver -- 2.13.5 Properties of a Sinusoid -- 2.13.6 The IDFT and DFT in Wide-Area OFDM (LTE) -- 2.13.7 The Impact of Transforms on DSP and Microcontroller Architectures - Maths in the Microcontroller -- 2.13.8 How Fourier Transforms Add Value -- 2.13.9 Power Drain and Battery Capacity -- 2.14 Chapter Summary -- 3 Interrelationship of the Physical Layer with Other Layers of the OSI Model -- 3.1 MAC Layer and Physical Layer Relationships -- 3.2 OFDM and the Transformative Power of Transforms -- 3.2.1 The Origins of Matrix Maths and the Hadamard Transform -- 3.2.2 The Hadamard Matrix and the Hadamard Transform -- 3.2.3 The Properties of a Hadamard Matrix -- 3.2.4 Differences Between the FFT and the FHT -- 3.2.5 Some Naming Issues -- 3.2.6 How the FHT and FFT Deliver Cost Reduction -- 3.2.7 The Need to Deliver Cost Reduction and Better Performance -- 3.3 The Role of Binary Arithmetic in Achieving Sensitivity, Selectivity and Stability -- 3.3.1 Coding Distance and Bandwidth Gain -- 3.3.2 An Example - The Barker Code Used in Legacy 802.11 b WiFi Systems -- 3.3.3 Complementary Code Keying used in 802.11 b -- 3.3.4 Walsh Codes used in IS95 CDMA/1EX EV -- 3.3.5 OVSF Codes in W-CDMA -- 3.3.6 CDMA/OFDM Hybrids as a Solution -- 3.4 Summary -- 3.5 Contention Algorithms -- 3.5.1 802.11 QOS and Prioritisation -- 3.5.2 802.11 f Handover -- 3.5.3 802.11 h Power Control -- 3.5.4 802.11 i Authentication and Encryption -- 3.5.5 802.11 j Interworking -- 3.5.6 802.11 k Measurement Reporting -- 3.5.7 802.11 n Stream Multiplexing.

3.5.8 802.11 s Mesh Networking -- 3.6 The WiFi PHY and MAC Relationship -- 3.6.1 Voice and Video Frame Lengths and Arrival Rates -- 3.6.2 Data Throughput - Distance and MAC Overheads -- 3.6.3 Mobility, Handover and Power Control Overheads -- 3.6.4 Impact of Receive Sensitivity on the Link Budget -- 3.6.5 Linearity Requirements -- 3.6.6 WiFi's Spectral-Efficiency and Power-Efficiency Limitations -- 3.6.7 Why WiFi for IP Voice and Video? -- 3.7 LTE Scheduling Gain -- 3.7.1 LTE QOE and Compression -- 3.7.2 MOS and QOS -- 3.7.3 The Cost of Store and Forward (SMS QOS) and Buffering -- 3.8 Chapter Summary -- 4 Telecommunications Economies of Scale -- 4.1 Market Size and Projections -- 4.2 Market Dynamics -- 4.3 Impact of Band Allocation on Scale Economics -- 4.3.1 FDD versus TDD -- 4.3.2 Band Allocations, Guard Bands and Duplex Separation. The Impact on Transceiver Design, Cost and Performance -- 4.3.3 Software-Defined Radio, WiMax and the 2.6-GHz Extension Bands -- 4.3.4 Intermodulation -- 4.3.5 The Need to Support Higher Frequencies and Linear Power Efficiency -- 4.3.6 The TX/RX Switch for GSM -- 4.3.7 Band Switching -- 4.3.8 Mode Switching -- 4.4 The Impact of Increased RF Integration on Volume Thresholds -- 4.4.1 Differentiating RF Technology and RF Engineering Costs -- 4.4.2 The Impact of Volume Thresholds and Maturity Performance Thresholds on RF Performance - A GSM Example -- 4.4.3 The Impact of Volume Thresholds and Maturity Performance Thresholds - A UMTS Example -- 4.5 The RF Functions in a Phone -- 4.5.1 RF Device Functionality and Useful Inventions Over the Past 100 Years -- 4.5.2 Present-Day Issues of RF Device Integration -- 4.5.3 The Antenna TX/RX Switch Module for GSM, Duplexers for UMTS -- 4.5.4 Other Front-End Switch Paths -- 4.5.5 MEMS Devices.

4.5.6 Filtering Using Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW), Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) Devices and MEMS Resonators - Implications for Future Radio Systems -- 4.5.7 Handset RF Component Cost Trends -- 4.6 Summary -- 5 Wireless User Hardware -- 5.1 Military and Commercial Enabling Technologies -- 5.2 Smart Phones -- 5.2.1 Audio Capabilities -- 5.2.2 Positioning Capabilities -- 5.2.3 Imaging Capabilities -- 5.2.4 Display-Based Interaction - A Game Changer -- 5.2.5 Data Capabilities -- 5.2.6 Batteries (Again) - Impact of Nanoscale Structures -- 5.3 Smart Phones and the User Experience -- 5.3.1 Standardised Chargers for Mobile Phones -- 5.4 Summary So Far -- 5.5 RF Component Innovation -- 5.5.1 RF MEMS -- 5.5.2 Tuneable Capacitors and Adaptive TX and RX Matching Techniques -- 5.5.3 Power-Amplifier Material Options -- 5.5.4 Broadband Power Amplifiers -- 5.5.5 Path Switching and Multiplexing -- 5.6 Antenna Innovations -- 5.6.1 Impact of Antenna Constraints on LTE in Sub-1-GHz Bands -- 5.6.2 MIMO -- 5.6.3 Antennas in Smaller Form Factor Devices Including Smart Phones -- 5.6.4 SISO Testing -- 5.6.5 MIMO Testing -- 5.6.6 SIMO Gains -- 5.6.7 Adaptive Matching Power Savings -- 5.6.8 RF PA and Front-End Switch Paths -- 5.7 Other Costs -- 5.7.1 RF Baseband Interface Complexity -- 5.7.2 Conformance Test Costs -- 5.7.3 Conformance and Performance Test Standards and Opportunities -- 5.7.4 Software-Defined Radio and Baseband Algorithmic Innovation -- 5.7.5 RF Design and Development Dilution -- 5.8 Summary -- 6 Cable, Copper, Wireless and Fibre and the World of the Big TV -- 6.1 Big TV -- 6.2 3DTV -- 6.3 Portable Entertainment Systems -- 6.4 Summary of this Chapter and the First Five Chapters - Materials Innovation, Manufacturing Innovation, Market Innovation -- Part II USER SOFTWARE -- 7 Device-Centric Software -- 7.1 Battery Drain - The Memristor as One Solution.

7.2 Plane Switching, Displays and Visual Acuity -- 7.3 Relationship of Display Technologies to Processor Architectures, Software Performance and Power Efficiency -- 7.4 Audio Bandwidth Cost and Value -- 7.5 Video Bandwidth Cost and Value -- 7.6 Code Bandwidth and Application Bandwidth Value, Patent Value and Connectivity Value -- 8 User-Centric Software -- 8.1 Imaging and Social Networking -- 8.2 The Image Processing Chain -- 8.2.1 The Lens -- 8.2.2 The Sensor Array -- 8.2.3 The Colour Filter Array -- 8.2.4 The JPEG Encoder/Decoder -- 8.2.5 The MPEG Encoder -- 8.3 Image Processing Software - Processor and Memory Requirements -- 8.3.1 Image Processing Hardware -- 8.3.2 Image Processing, Voice Processing and Audio Processing -- 8.3.3 35 mm Cameras as a Quality and Functional Performance Reference -- 8.3.4 Digital Cameras as a Quality and Functional Performance Reference -- 8.3.5 Digital Camera Performance Benchmark 2011 -- 8.3.6 The Effect on Camera Phone User Expectations -- 8.4 Digital Camera Software -- 8.4.1 Digital Compact and Digital SLR Cameras as a Quality and Functional Performance Reference -- 8.5 Camera-Phone Network Hardware -- 8.6 Camera-Phone Network Software -- 8.7 Summary -- 9 Content- and Entertainment-Centric Software -- 9.1 iClouds and MyClouds -- 9.2 Lessons from the Past -- 9.2.1 Resolution Expectations -- 9.2.2 Resolution, Displays and the Human Visual System -- 9.2.3 Frame-Rate Expectations -- 9.2.4 Memory Expectations Over Time -- 9.3 Memory Options -- 9.3.1 Tape -- 9.3.2 Optical Storage -- 9.4 Gaming in the Cloud and Gaming and TV Integration -- 9.4.1 DV Tape versus DVD versus Hard-Disk Cost and Performance Comparisons -- 9.4.2 Hard-Disk Shock Protection and Memory Backup -- 9.5 Solid-State Storage -- 9.5.1 Flash (Nor and Nand), SRAM and SDRAM -- 9.5.2 FLASH Based Plug-In Memory - The SIM card as an Example.

10 Information-Centric Software.