COPY RIGHT -- HAGUE ACADEMY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW -- FOREWORD -- A Transcivilizational Perspective on International Law -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER I A TRANSCIVILIZATIONAL PERSPECTIVE : A COGNITIVE FRAMEWORK TO UNDERSTAND THE TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY WORLD -- Introduction -- I. From a State-centric and West-centric International Society to a Multi-polar and Multi-civilizational Global Society -- 1. International law in a State-centric and West-centric international society of the twentieth century -- (1) International law and international society -- (2) Characteristic features of the twentieth-century international society -- 2. Conflicts destabilizing the international order -- (1) The conflict between the transnationalization of economics and information, and the sovereign States system -- (2) The conflict between the global quest for human dignity and the sense of victimization shared by non-Western and/or developing nations -- (3) Emerging discrepancies between the economic power and the intellectual/ informational hegemony in global society -- II. Prevalent Perspectives to Understand International Law in the Twentieth Century -- 1. The international perspective -- (1) The predominance of the international perspective -- (2) The persistence of State-centrism -- 2. The transnational perspective -- (1) The emergence of the transnational perspective -- (2) The significance of the transnational perspective -- (3) Problems of international and transnational perspectives -- (4) Participants of international law : various actors with diverse perspectives involved in the international legal process -- III. The Transcivilizational Perspective : A Way to See International Law in a More Nuanced and Comprehensive Manner -- 1. The significance of civilizational factors and perspectives in the sovereign States system.

(1) What is the transcivilizational perspective ? -- (2) Civilizational factors and perspectives as preserved and utilized within the sovereign States system -- (3) Tacit recognition of the significance of civilizational factors and perspectives -- 2. Realities requiring the adoption of the transcivilizational perspective in the twenty-first century -- (1) Significance and decline of the non-intervention principle -- (2) A clash of civilizations ? -- (3) The need to minimize conflicts between egocentric, unilateral universalisms -- (4) The functional notion of the transcivilizational perspective -- (5) Changing the perspective : a crucial task for international lawyers -- CHAPTER II POWER AND LEGITIMACY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW -- Introduction -- I. Law and Power in Global Society -- 1. International law versus the power of States - aprevalent image on law and power in international society -- (1) Complex and multidimensional relations between law, legitimacy and power -- (2) Cases in which international law is actually discoursed and used in a visible manner -- (3) The most frequently asked question : "Can international law control the power of States ?" -- (4) Failure and irrelevance of international law ? -- 2. Might makes right ? -- (1) Power in the creation of international law : a case of bilateral treaties -- (2) Various types of power involved in the creation of multilateral treaties -- (3) The primacy of Western power in the creation of so-called "customary" international law -- (4) The power and legitimacy of the United Nations -- 3. Power that sustains and realizes law -- (1) "Horizontal sanctions" of international law ? -- (2) Can international law be enforced as an adjudicative norm ? -- (3) Collective security, unilateralism and the balance of power in international law -- II. International Law as Power.

1. International law as seen from the perspective of ideational power -- (1) The power of ideas and the power to disseminate the ideas -- (2) The prevalent perception of "irrelevance" of international law -- (3) Unreality of the so-called "realists" view regarding international law as irrelevant -- (4) Societal functions of international law -- 2. The constructive function of international law -- (1) The power of international law to construe and construct social realities -- (2) The power to make ideas of international law become known, disseminated and shared -- III. In Quest of Legitimate Perspectives in the Global Discursive Space -- 1. Problems of West-centrism in international law -- (1) Critiques of West-centrism and their problems -- (2) The need for "intercivilizational" or "transcivilizational"perspectives -- (3) The need for changing the perspective in responding to the multi-polarization of the globe -- (4) Symptoms for change in the study of international law ? -- 2. The power of legitimate international law -- (1) The power of shared normative consciousness in upholding the law -- (2) Significance and problems of international and transnational perspectives -- (3) The transcivilizational perspective : a way to fill the legitimacy deficit in international law -- CHAPTER III TOWARDS A PROPER UNDERSTANDING OF GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW, CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW, AND THE JUDICIARY IN GLOBAL SOCIETY -- Introduction -- I. Concept of General International Law in the Twentieth Century -- 1. Equation of general international law with the so called"customary" international law -- (1) Problems in resorting to Article 38 of the ICJ Statute for identifying the "sources" of international law -- (2) Attitude of the ICJ -- (3) "Absurdity" in relying on Article 38 of the ICJ Statute for identifying norms of international law.

(4) Factors responsible for the over-evaluation of Article 38 of the ICJ Statute -- 2. Liberation of the concept of general international law from the mystical theory of "customary" international law -- (1) The legitimacy deficit of the so-called "customary"international law -- (2) The widening gap between the reality and traditional"customary" international law -- (3) Multinational treaties as a cognitive basis of general international law -- (4) Relative nature of the "universal" validity of general international law -- (5) UNGA resolutions as a cognitive basis of international law -- II. Towards Proper Understandings of the Judiciary in Global Society -- 1. Liberation of the study of international law from excessive judicial-centrism -- (1) Enhanced significance of the judiciary in international society ? -- (2) Aspects not referred to in the prevalent discourseon the "legalization" and "judicialization"in international society -- (3) Necessity for differentiating the significance of the ICJ as an agent of international conflict resolution and the most authoritative organ to interpret international law -- 2. International law in the real world -- (1) Pre-eminence of non-judicial forums where norms of international law are actually referred to, discoursed and used -- (2) Higher values of multinational treaties and UNGA resolutions as cognitive bases of general international law -- (3) The element of power in the creation of general international law -- (4) Towards a more comprehensive perspective for assessing the proper status and functions of international law -- CHAPTER IV HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AS SEEN FROM A TRANSCIVILIZATIONAL PERSPECTIVE -- Introduction -- I. Problematiques Surrounding the History of International Law -- 1. The problem of projecting a present notion on to the past -- (1) Treaties between States ?.

(2) Problems related to "treaties" during the premodern period -- (3) Problems on the character of the political (or politico-religious) and regional units and the irrelations -- (4) International law as an inter-subjective construct -- 2. Pre-modern worlds without a global international society -- (1) Independent human groups sharing a world image and their relations with other such groups -- (2) A world of co-existing regional civilizations and a world of Eurocentric sovereign States system -- II. The Co-existence of Regional Civilizations in the Pre-Twentieth-Century World -- 1. The Islamic regional civilization and the siyar -- (1) A world composed of dar al-Islam and dar alharb -- (2) Relations with other politico-religious groups as prescribed by the siyar -- 2. The European world and its world images : proselytizing Christianity, secularization of the society and colonization of other regions -- (1) The decentralized structures and Christianity in the European world -- (2) Francisco de Vitoria and Spanish colonization of America : a prototype of European colonization of the world -- (3) International law in its European form -- 3. The Sinocentric tribute system in East Asia -- (1) Sinocentric tribute system -- (2) Diverse perceptions and understandings of Sinocentrism held by various actors -- (3) Deviations within a Sinocentric tribute system -- 4. The conflicts of two universalistic world images in East Asia -- (1) The limited historical applicability of the principle of pacta sunt servanda -- (2) The Macartney mission and the collision of egocentric universalistic world images -- III. The Globalization of a Eurocentric Ordering of the World in the Nineteenth Century -- 1. The collapse of the Islamocentric system of world ordering -- (1) Transformation of the Ottoman Empire to Turkey.

(2) Changing characterization of the Ottoman Empire in the Peace Treaty of Paris of 1856.