Contents -- Introduction: Why We Need a Tighter Theory and More Critical Research on Open Innovation (Joe Tidd) -- Taxonomies and Modes -- Context and Contingencies -- Sector and Industry Studies -- Limitations and Constraints of Open Innovation -- References -- PART I. Taxonomies and Modes -- 1. Different Modes of Open Innovation: A Theoretical Framework and an Empirical Study (Valentina Lazzarotti and Raffaella Manzini) -- Introduction -- The Theoretical Framework -- The Empirical Study -- Open innovators -- Specialised collaborators -- Integrated collaborators -- Closed innovators -- Conclusions -- References -- 2. Advancing a Typology of Open Innovation (S.C. Ellis, Peter T. Gianiodis and E. Secchi) -- Introduction -- Literature Review -- Scope and structure of the review -- Defining open innovation -- Nomological network of open innovation -- Open innovation adoption -- Firm characteristics -- Technology considerations -- External environmental conditions -- Open innovation performance -- Concluding remarks -- A Typology of Open Innovation Strategies -- Innovation seeker -- Innovation provider -- Intermediary -- Open innovator -- Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- 3. How to Balance Open and Closed Innovation: Strategy and Culture as Influencing Factors (Ellen Enkel and Karoline Bader) -- Introduction -- Why Firms Should Balance Their Innovation Model -- Link Between Strategy and Innovation Activities -- The opportunity-seeking prospector -- Case study 1: Henkel-opportunity search via systematic cross-industry innovation -- The dual-oriented analyzer -- The market segment securing defender -- Case study 2: EADS-a story of strategic transition -- Importance of an Innovation-Oriented Culture -- Case study 3: 3M-peculiarities of an innovation-oriented culture -- Linking Culture with Strategy and Openness.

Case study 4: J.W. Ostendorf-how to harmonize culture, strategy, and openness -- Conclusion -- References -- PART II. Context and Contingencies -- 4. The Role of Open Innovation in Dynamic Environments (Fiona Schweitzer, Kurt Gaubinger and Oliver Gassmann) -- Introduction -- Open Innovation in Turbulent Environments -- Types of External Sources for Open Innovation in Turbulent Settings -- Methods -- Data and sample -- Measures -- Open innovation -- Innovation success -- Environmental turbulence -- Controls -- Results -- Conclusion and Limitations -- References -- 5. A Conceptual Model of Open Innovation for New Product Development Projects: Towards a Contingency Theory (Hanna Bahemia and Brian Squire) -- Introduction -- Theoretical Lens: Contingency Theory -- Literature Review -- Measuring Inbound Open Innovation -- Dimension one of inbound open innovation: Breadth -- Dimension two of inbound open innovation: Depth -- Dimension three of inbound open innovation: Ambidexterity -- Development of a Contingency Framework for Inbound Open Innovation -- The effect of the breadth dimension on NPD performance -- The effect of the depth dimension on NPD performance -- The effect of the ambidexterity dimension on NPD performance -- The moderating role of the type of innovation -- The moderating role of product complexity -- The moderating role of the appropriability regime -- Discussion and Conclusion -- Managerial implications -- References -- 6. Open Service Innovation: The Influences of Project Novelty (Joe Tidd and Kuo-Nan Hsieh) -- Rationale and Aims of the Study -- Literature Review -- Open versus closed innovation -- Influence of context and contingency -- Sample and Methodology -- Research design and case selection -- Methods -- Main Findings -- Open versus closed -- Influences of project novelty -- Discussion and Conclusions -- References.

7. Exploring the Use of Open Innovation in Processes, Products and Services (Amy Huang and John Rice) -- Introduction -- Literature Review -- Product and process innovation -- The paradigm of open innovation -- Theoretical Framework and Hypotheses -- Open approaches and innovation performance -- External knowledge sourcing and innovation performance -- Internal R&D and innovation performance -- Absorptive capacity and innovation performance -- Methods -- Sample -- Measures -- Dependent variables -- Independent variables -- Control variables -- Results -- Discussion and Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 8. Managing Open Innovation in Multinational Enterprises: Combining Open Innovation and R&D Globalization Literature (Wim Vanhaverbeke, Jingshu Du and Maximilian von Zedtwitz) -- Introduction -- Relative Strengths of the Open Innovation and R&D Globalization Literature -- Open innovation -- R&D globalization -- Assessment of open innovation and global R&D research achievements -- Enriching Open Innovation with Insights from the R&D Globalization Literature -- Choosing locations for overseas R&D units -- The effective number of R&D locations -- Tapping into local R&D communities around the globe -- Integrating knowledge from different parts of the world -- Knowledge transfer within the MNE -- Enriching R&D Globalization Theory from an Open Innovation Perspective -- Extending organizational modes to source external technology -- Extending the range of internal and external innovation players -- Paying attention to all phases of the open innovation funnel -- The role of different types of capability building -- Conclusion -- References -- PART III. Sector and Industry Studies -- 9. Measuring the Impact of Inbound Open Innovation Practices on Performance in Services (Anne-Laure Mention and Anna-Leena Asikainen) -- Introduction.

Theoretical Background and Hypotheses Development -- Cooperation and information sourcing as inbound open innovation practices -- Impact of market actors on the innovation process -- Impact of competitors on the innovation process -- Research Design -- Operationalization of the concepts -- Model and estimation methods -- Descriptive Statistics and Estimation Results -- Descriptive statistics -- Innovation modes -- Estimation results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Theoretical, policy, and managerial implications -- Limitations and avenues for further research -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix. Variable Explanations -- References -- 10. Generativity and Innovation in Smartphone Ecosystems Björn Remneland-Wikhamn, Jan Ljungberg, Magnus Bergquist and Jonas Kuschel -- Introduction -- The Dynamics of Open Innovation Ecosystems -- The Concept of Generativity -- The Mobile Phone Industry in Change -- Case Description: The iPhone and Android -- iPhone -- Android -- iPhone and Android: A Generativity Lens -- Leverage -- Adaptability -- Ease of mastery -- Accessibility -- Transferability -- Different Forms of Generative Ecosystems -- Conclusion -- References -- 11. Toward a Dynamic Perspective on Open Innovation: A Longitudinal Assessment of the Adoption of Internal and External Innovation Strategies in the Netherlands (Tom Poot, Dries Faems and Wim Vanhaverbeke) -- Introduction -- Literature Review -- Closed versus open innovation -- Empirical research on open innovation: A state-of-the-art -- Need for a dynamic perspective on open innovation -- Methodology -- Data -- Variables -- Reliance on external and internal information sources -- External and internal collaboration -- Industry variables -- Results -- Evolution of reliance on external and internal information sources -- Evolution of external and internal collaboration -- Discussion and Conclusion.

Discussion of main findings -- Limitation and future research -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12. Investigating Inter-Industry Differences in the Implementation of Open Innovation (Tommaso Buganza, Davide Chiaroni, Gabriele Colombo and Federico Frattini) -- Introduction -- Overview of the Literature -- Theoretical Framework -- External organization -- Internal organization -- "Trigger" for open innovation -- Research Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- External organization -- The exploration versus exploitation purpose of the network (March, 1991) -- The typologies of ties established by the firm with the actors of the network -- The process of creation of the network -- Internal organization -- The characteristics of the organizational unit in charge for open innovation activities -- The organizational procedures adopted -- The characteristics of reward and incentive systems -- "Trigger" for open innovation -- Conclusions -- References -- PART IV. Limitations and Constraints of Open Innovation -- 13. Open Innovation: Old Ideas in a Fancy Tuxedo Remedy a False Dichotomy (Paul Trott and Dap Hartmann) -- Introduction -- An Examination of the Evidence of the Closed Innovation Principles -- The smart people in our field work for us -- To profit from R&D, we must discover, develop and ship it ourselves -- If we discover it ourselves, we will get it to market first -- If we are the first to commercialize an innovation, we will win -- Leader/offensive -- Fast follower/defensive -- Cost minimisation/imitative -- Market segmentation specialist/traditional -- If we create the most and best ideas in the industry, we will win -- We should control our (IP) so that our competitors do not profit from our ideas -- Using a False Dichotomy to Introduce the Concept of Open Innovation -- Issues Unresolved by Open Innovation -- Discussion -- References.

14. Not for Everybody: Why Some Organisations Benefit More from Open Innovation than Others (Torsten Oliver Salge, Thomas Marc Bohné, Tomas Farchi and Erk Peter Piening).