Agricultural Biotechnology -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- 1 Executive Summary and Recommendations -- THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION -- THE POWER OF BIOTECHNOLOGY -- STRATEGIES FOR NATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS -- Research Emphasis -- The Research System -- New Talent -- Applications and Commercialization -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Scientific Aspects -- Increased Emphasis on Basic Research -- Improved Techniques and Applications -- Increased Attention to the Ecological Aspects of Biotechnology -- Funding and Institutions -- Linking and Integrating Research -- Peer and Merit Review -- The Federal Government's Role -- The State Governments' Role -- The Private Sector's Role -- Training -- Increased Federal Support for Training -- Increased Retraining Programs -- Technology Transfer -- Roles for Universities and Government Agencies -- Cooperative Extension Service -- Patenting and Licensing -- Regulation of Field Testing -- 2 Scientific Aspects -- THE POWER OF BIOTECHNOLOGY -- USING GENE TRANSFER TO ENHANCE AGRICULTURE -- Isolation of Important Genes -- Gene Transfer Technology -- Cell Culture and Regeneration Techniques -- Monoclonal Antibody Technologies -- Summary -- NEW APPROACHES TO CROP PRODUCTION -- The Genetic Engineering of Plants -- Putting the New Technologies to Work -- Looking to the Future -- The Genetic Engineering of Microorganisms Associated with Plants -- Putting the New Technologies to work -- Looking to the Future -- Genetic Engineering for Crop Protection -- Putting the New Technologies to Work -- Looking to the Future -- NEW APPROACHES TO ANIMAL AGRICULTURE -- Animal Breeding -- Pregnancy Tests -- Growth Hormones -- Booroola Gene -- Muscle versus Fat -- Fish Farming -- Microorganisms Associated with Animals -- Vaccines against Animal Disease -- Vaccines from Vaccinia Virus -- Altering Intestinal Organisms.

BIOPROCESSING OPPORTUNITIES -- Alternative Fuels -- Alternative Feed and Food Sources -- Other Products -- CONCLUSIONS -- Gene Identification -- Gene Regulation -- Structure and Function of Gene Products -- Cellular Techniques -- Development in Organisms and Communities -- Environmental Considerations -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Increased Emphasis on Basic Research -- Improved Techniques and Applications -- Increased Attention to the Ecological Aspects of Biotechnology -- 3 Funding and Institutions -- FUNDING BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEM -- The Federal-State Agricultural Partnership -- Past Contributions from Agricultural Research -- Pressures for Change -- The Emergence of Biotechnology -- INSTITUTIONS THAT SUPPORT AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH -- Federal Agencies -- U.S. Department of Agriculture -- Environmental Protection Agency -- National Science Foundation -- Department of Health and Human Services -- Department of Energy -- Department of Defense -- National Aeronautics and Space Administration -- Agency for International Development -- State Support of Agricultural Research -- Private Sector -- A Summary of Agricultural Research Funding -- PEER REVIEW -- REALIGNING THE SYSTEM FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY -- Funding for Agricultural Biotechnology -- Developing a Discovery into a Research Tool: The Cost of the Agrobacterium Ti Plasmid -- The Federal Role -- Integration of Agricultural Research Disciplines -- Land-Grant Universities -- New Institutional Forms -- New Approaches to Agricultural Biotechnology -- Grants for Interdisciplinary Research -- Collaborative Groups and Exchanges -- Large Laboratory Groups -- Research Centers -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Linking and Integrating Research -- Peer and Merit Review -- The Federal Government's Role -- The State Governments' Role -- The Private Sector's Role -- 4 Training -- INTRODUCTION.

PERSONNEL REQUIRED FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY -- Demand for Scientists -- Demographic Trends -- EDUCATION AND TRAINING -- Programs at the U.S. Department of Agriculture -- Predoctoral -- Postdoctoral -- Land-Grant System -- The Importance of Peer Review -- Programs at the National Science Foundation -- Predoctoral -- Postdoctoral -- Summer Courses -- Career Development -- Programs at the National Institutes of Health -- Extramural -- Intramural -- Other Government Programs -- Private Support -- Conclusions -- INTERDISCIPLINARY COOPERATION -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Increased Federal Support for Training -- Increased Retraining Programs -- 5 Technology Transfer -- INTRODUCTION -- The Economic Dimension -- UNIVERSITY, INDUSTRY, AND GOVERNMENT INTERACTIONS -- Research Relationships in Technology Transfer -- Consultancies -- Education and Training -- Grants and Contracts -- Consortia and Research Parks -- Technical Development Offices -- Entrepreneurial Companies -- Alliances Related to Agriculture -- Cornell University Biotechnology Program -- Pittsburgh Plate Glass/Scripps Clinic -- Michigan Biotechnology Institute -- North Carolina Biotechnology Center -- New Jersey Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine -- University of California Biotechnology Research and Education Program -- Plant Gene Expression Center -- Implications of Alliances and Research Relationships -- MERGING BIOTECHNOLOGY INTO AGRICULTURE -- Land-Grant Universities -- Cooperative State Extension Service -- Regulation and Field Testing -- PATENTING AND LICENSING -- Patents and the Federal Government -- The National Technical Information Service -- Patents and Universities -- Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation -- Columbia University Science and Technology Development Office -- Revenues from Licenses -- Biotechnology Patenting Activity -- Nonpatented Intellectual Property -- Conclusions.

RECOMMENDATIONS -- Roles for Universities and Government Agencies -- Cooperative Extension Service -- Patenting and Licensing -- Regulation of Environmental Testing -- SUMMARY -- References -- Appendix Gene Transfer Methods Applicable to Agricultural Organisms -- INTRODUCTION -- General Considerations -- DIRECT DNA UPTAKE -- Chemical Treatments -- Electroporation -- DNA MICROINJECTION -- Animals -- Plants -- CELL FUSION -- Animal Cells -- Plant Cells -- VECTOR-MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER -- Animal Viruses -- SV40 and Adenovirus -- Bovine Papilloma Virus -- Vaccinia Virus -- Retroviruses -- Baculoviruses -- Plant Viruses -- Cauliflower Mosaic Virus -- Geminiviruses -- RNA Viruses -- Transposable Elements -- The Ti Plasmid -- Fungal and Bacterial Plasmids -- PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- Index.