STUDIES IN GEOPHYSICS -- Copyright -- Studies in Geophysics -- Preface -- Contents -- Overview -- KNOWLEDGE OF THE PRESENT FLUX RATES OF GEOLOGIC MATERIALS -- RATES OF FLUX OF GEOLOGIC MATERIALS DURING THE MOST RECENT GLACIATION AND DEGLACIATION -- VARIABILITY OF SURFICIAL GEOFLUXES -- Temporal Variability -- Spatial Variability -- Rapid Change and Catastrophic Events -- CONCLUSIONS -- Processes in Shallow Water-Shelf Environments -- Distribution of Lithologies at the Surface -- Distribution of Sources and Sinks -- Rates -- Expanded Time Scales for Processes/Fluxes -- Anthropogenic Influence -- REFERENCES -- Background -- 1 Pleistocene-Holocene Fluxes Are Not the Earth's Norm -- ABSTRACT -- RECOGNITION, DEFINITION, AND LENGTH OF THE QUATERNARY AND HOLOCENE -- MASSES OF QUATERNARY AND HOLOCENE SEDIMENT -- PROCESS RATES -- LONG- AND SHORT-TERM APPARENT ACCUMULATION RATES OF QUATERNARY AND HOLOCENE SEDIMENT -- Deep-Sea Sediments -- Marginal Sea Sediments -- Continental Shelves -- Glacial Sediments on Land -- Nonglacial Continental Sediments -- DISCUSSION -- Sediment Cycling -- The Effect of Glacial-Interglacial Alternations -- Increased Tectonic Activity -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 2 Surficial Weathering Fluxes and Their Geochemical Controls -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- GLOBAL AND ZONAL WATER FLOWS -- Surficial Flows and Storage in Lakes -- Residence Times of Zonal Water Discharge -- Residence Times on a Global Scale -- Summary of Water Flows and Residence Times -- WEATHERING FLUX -- A Conceptual Mode -- Weathering Flux Equations -- Mineral Dissolution Rates (R) -- HYDROGEN-ION AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF DISSOLUTION RATES -- The pH and Natural Acidity -- Temperature Effects on Dissolution Rates -- WEATHERING AND DISSOLUTION -- NEUTRALIZATION OF ACIDITY BY WEATHERING RELEASES.

Background-Alkalinity [Alk], Acidity [Acy], CO2, and pH -- SUMMARIZING DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Global Chemical Weathering on Glacial Time Scales -- INTRODUCTION -- FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE GLOBAL CHEMICAL WEATHERING -- Climate -- Erosional Area -- Rock Types Exposed -- Glacier Weathering and Erosion Processes -- COUPLED CHANGES -- The Climate/Rock Type Connection -- Forest Coverage and Weathering -- Climate and Glacial Sediment Supply -- IMPLICATIONS FOR OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND CLIMATE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Origin and Variable Composition of Present Day Riverborne Material -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTROLLING CHEMISTRY OF WATER AND SUSPENDED MATTER -- DISTRIBUTION OF RIVER WATER QUALITY -- CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION OF RIVERINE TRANSPORT RATES -- GLOBAL ORIGINS OF RIVERBORNE MATERIAL -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Geomorphic/Tectonic Control of Sediment Discharge to the Ocean: The Importance of Small Mountainous Rivers -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- RIVER DATA -- RESULTS -- DISCHARGE OF SEDIMENT BY WORLD RIVERS -- North America -- South America -- Europe -- USSR and Asia Minor -- Africa -- Asia and Oceania -- Australia -- IMPLICATIONS -- Factors Controlling Sediment Discharge -- What Is the Sediment Flux to the Sea? -- Active Versus Passive Margin Rivers -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Glacial to Modern Changes in Global River Fluxes -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- FLUVIAL PALEOHYDROLOGICAL PRINCIPLES -- Regime Changes and Sediment Transport Mechanics -- SWD-PSI Analysis -- FLUVIAL CATACLYSMIC PROCESSES -- REGIONAL PATTERNS -- Europe and North America -- South America -- Africa, Australia, Southern Asia -- FUTURE WORK -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES.

7 Sediment Fluxes Along High-Latitude Glaciated Continental Margins Northeast Canada and Eastern Greenland -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- OVERALL CONTROLS ON SEDIMENT FLUX -- Processes -- DEGLACIAL TO INTERGLACIAL FIORD/SHELF SEDIMENT FLUX -- East Baffin Island -- The East Greenland Margin -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 Late Quaternary Flux of Eolian Dust to the Pelagic Ocean -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE GEOLOGIC RECORD OF DUST DEPOSITION -- A Note on Methodology -- Geographic Variation in Eolian Fluxes -- The Downcore Record of Quaternary Eolian Deposition -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Particle Fluxes in the Ocean and Implications for Sources and Preservation of Ocean Sediments -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODS -- REFRACTORY ELEMENT RAIN AND BURIAL FLUXES -- BIOGENIC RAIN AND BURIAL FLUXES -- ORGANIC CARBON PRESERVATION -- CALCITE PRESERVATION -- OPAL PRESERVATION -- THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ALUMINOSILICATE AND BIOGENIC RAIN RATES -- INFLUENCE OF THE CONTINENTAL MARGINS -- EOLIAN SOURCES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10 Seafloor Diagenetic Fluxes -- INTRODUCTION -- THE MEASUREMENT OF BENTHIC FLUXES -- EARLY DIAGENESIS AND MODERN OCEANIC CYCLES -- Na, K, and Mg -- C, Ca, and Si -- Spatial Variability in Early Diagenetic Reaction Rates -- The Oxidants for Organic Matter Degradation: O2, N, and S -- EARLY DIAGENETIC FLUXES AND THE SEDIMENTARY RECORD -- Introduction -- Variations in Burial Efficiency in Marine Sediments: CaCO3, SiO2, and Organic Carbon -- CaCO3 -- SiO2 -- Organic Carbon -- Discussion -- A Model Including Transport and Reaction Effects: The Case of Organic Carbon -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Index.