Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- About the Editors -- I Functional Properties of Biological Surfaces -- Chapter 1. Biomimetics of Skins Julian F. V. Vincent -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Surface Hardening -- 3. Strain Sensors -- 4. Water Repellence -- 5. Color -- 6. Envoi -- References -- Chapter 2. The Shark Skin Effect AmyW. Lang -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Shark Skin Structure -- 3. Drag Reduction -- 3.1. Marine Animal Locomotion -- 3.2. Skin-Friction Reduction -- 3.3. Separation Control -- 4. Drag-Reducing Capabilities of the Skin on Fast-Swimming Sharks -- 5. Summary With Technological Applications -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3. Lotus Effect: Superhydrophobicity and Self-Cleaning Michael Nosonovsky and Edward Bormashenko -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Superhydrophobic Surfaces in Nature -- 2.1. Leaves ofWater-Repellent Plants -- 2.2. Insect and BirdsWings -- 2.3. Insect Legs -- 3. Modeling Superhydrophobicity -- 3.1. Wetting of Flat and Rough Surfaces: The Governing Equations -- 3.1.1. The Young equation -- 3.1.2. The Wenzel and Cassie equations -- 3.2. Contact Angle Hysteresis -- 3.2.1. Definition of contact angle hysteresis -- 3.2.2. Empirical models of contact angle hysteresis -- 3.2.3. Simulation and semi-empirical models -- 3.3. Stability and the Cassie-Wenzel Transition -- 3.3.1. Vibration-induced transition -- 3.3.2. Transition during evaporation -- 3.3.3. Reversible superhydrophobicity -- 3.4. Role of Hierarchical Roughness -- 3.5. Dynamic Effects: Bouncing Drops -- 3.6. A Drop on an Inclined Surface -- 4. Self-Cleaning -- 5. Biomimetics: Artificial Superhydrophobic Surfaces -- 5.1. Micropatterned Surfaces Produced by Lithography and Other Methods -- 5.2. Evaporation Induced Honeycomb Polymer Surfaces -- 5.3. Commercially Available Lotus-Effect Products -- 6. Closure -- References.

Chapter 4. The Moth-Eye Effect - From Fundamentals to Commercial Exploitation Andreas Gombert and Benedikt Bläsi -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theory -- 2.1. Effective Medium Theories (EMTs) for Subwavelength Gratings -- 3. Design Considerations -- 4. Manufacturing -- 4.1. Origination by Interference Lithography -- 4.2. Choice of Laser and Photoresist -- 4.3. Replication -- 5. Applications -- 6. Summary -- References -- Chapter 5. The Gecko Effect: Design Principles of the Gekkotan Adhesive System Across Scales of Organization Anthony P. Russell and Megan K. Johnson -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Gecko Effect - How is Attachment Achieved? -- 3. Structure of the Setal Fields and the Anatomical Hierarchy on Which They Depend -- 4. Performance Aspects - Real-World Functional Demands in Relation to the Gecko Effect -- 5. Biomimetics - The Application of Design Principles to Exploitation of the Gecko Effect -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- II Characterization of Surfaces -- Chapter 6. Micro- and Nano-Scopic Observation of Biological Surfaces Zhaojie Zhang and Qun Ren -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Surface Observation Using Optical Microscopy -- 2.1. Light Microscopy -- 2.2. Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM) -- 3. Surface Observation Using Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) -- 3.1. AFM in Biological Surface Study and Topographic Analysis -- 3.2. Combination of AFMWith Confocal Microscopy -- 4. Surface Observation Using Electron Microscopy -- 4.1. SEM of Biological Surface -- 4.2. Environmental SEM (ESEM) ofWet Biological Samples -- 4.3. TEM Observation of the Inside of the Biological Surfaces -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7. RIMAPS and Variogram Characterization of Micro-Nano Topography Néstor O. Fuentes and Eduardo A. Favret -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction to RIMAPS and Variogram Analysis.

1.1. Basic Concepts of RIMAPS Technique -- 1.1.1. Theory -- 1.1.2. Examples of using RIMAPS for ideal geometrical forms -- 1.1.3. Characterization of simple experimental surfaces using RIMAPS -- 1.2. Basic Concepts of Variogram Method -- 1.2.1. Variogram analysis -- 1.2.2. Examples of using Variogram for ideal geometrical forms -- 1.2.3. Characterization of simple experimental surfaces using Variogram -- 2. Micro-Nano Topography Characterization -- 2.1. Biological Surfaces -- 2.2. Technological Surfaces -- 3. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8. Capillary Phenomena Gerardo Callegari and Adriana Calvo -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Wetting Properties: Surface Energy and Tension -- 2.1. Molecular Interactions -- 2.2. Adhesion and Cohesion -- 2.3. Wettability and Contact Angle -- 2.4. Liquid vs Solid Surface Energy: Measurement Techniques -- 2.4.1. Drop weight or drop detachment -- 2.4.2. Shape of the droplet -- 2.4.3. Ring -- 2.4.4. Fiber or plate -- 2.5. Components -- 2.6. Hysteresis of the Contact Angle -- 2.6.1. Classical approach: roughness and chemical heterogeneities -- 2.6.2. Metastable configurations -- 2.6.3. Vibrations and the global energy minimum (GEM) -- 2.6.4. Other sources of hysteresis: smooth and homogeneous surfaces -- 3. Capillarity -- 3.1. Dynamic Contact Angle -- 3.1.1. Hydrodynamic model -- 3.2. Molecular Approach -- 4. Liquid Films -- 4.1. Film Formation -- 4.2. Stability Criteria -- 4.2.1. Nanoscopic films (h < 10 nm) and spinodal dewetting -- 4.2.2. Macroscopic films -- 4.3. Dewetting of Planar Films -- 4.4. Cylindrical Films -- 4.4.1. Rayleigh instability -- 4.5. Annular Films Dewetting -- References -- Chapter 9. Chemical Characterization of Biological and Technological Surfaces Peter Kruse -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sample Preparation -- 2.1. Freezing -- 2.2. Polishing -- 2.3. Sputtering.

3. Optical Spectroscopies (Photon Based) -- 3.1. Photon Sources -- 3.2. Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3.3. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) -- 3.4. Raman Spectroscopy -- 3.5. Second Harmonic and Sum Frequency Generation (SHG and SFG) -- 3.6. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS, NEXAFS, STXM, PEEM) -- 4. Electron Spectroscopies -- 4.1. UV Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS) -- 4.2. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS, ESCA) -- 4.3. Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES, SAM, PAES) -- 4.4. X-ray Fluorescence (EDS, EDX, WDX, XRF) -- 4.5. Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) -- 5. Particle Beams -- 5.1. Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) -- 5.2. Positron Spectroscopy -- 5.3. Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) -- 5.4. Medium Energy Ion Scattering (MEIS) -- 5.5. Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) -- 5.6. Particle-induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) -- 5.7. Mass Spectrometry -- 5.7.1. Dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) -- 5.7.2. Static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) -- 5.7.3. Self-assembled monolayer desorption ionization mass spectrometry (SAMDI) -- 6. Proximity Probes -- 6.1. Elastic and Inelastic Tunneling Spectroscopy -- 6.2. Force and Chemical Force Spectroscopy -- 6.3. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) -- 6.4. Locally Enhanced Raman Effect -- 6.5. Nearfield Optical Methods -- 7. Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- III Methods for Modifying Man-Made Surfaces -- Chapter 10. Laser Interference Metallurgy Frank Mücklich and Andrés Fabián Lasagni -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Interference Principle -- 3. Design of Periodical Structures -- 4. Laser Interference Patterning System -- 5. Thermal Simulation -- 6. Practical Examples -- 6.1. Topographic Design in Bulk Metallic Substrates -- 6.2. Microstructure Design in Thin Metallic Films -- 6.2.1. Grain-size distribution and texture.

6.2.2. Long-range order intermetallic formation -- 6.3. Pattering of Polymeric Substrates -- 6.4. In Vitro Cell Response of Micropatterned Polymer Surface -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11. Electrodeposition - Fundamental Aspects and Methods Stanko R. Brankovic -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Electrodeposition Kinetics -- 3. Overpotential Co-Deposition (OPCD) - Electrodeposition of Alloys -- 4. Underpotential Deposition (UPD) -- 5. Underpotential Co-Deposition (UPCD) -- 6. Metal Deposition by Galvanic Displacement of UPD ML (MLS) -- 7. Spontaneous Noble Metal on Noble Metal (NMonNM) Deposition -- 8. Pulse Current Deposition -- 9. Additive Effect -- 10. Specific Aspects of Electrodeposition into Nanotemplate Electrodes -- 11. Electrodeposition vs Surface Hydrophobicity -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 12. Surface Modification by Plasma-Based Processes Evangelina De Las Heras, Gabriel Ybarra, Iñigo Braceras and Pablo Corengia -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classification of Plasmas -- 2.1. DC Discharges -- 2.2. RF Discharges -- 3. Modification of Functional Surface Properties by Plasma-Based Processes -- 3.1. Plasma Grafting and Polymerization -- 3.1.1. Grafting -- 3.1.2. Plasma polymerization -- 3.2. Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) and Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) -- 3.3. Ion Beam Processes -- 4. Biomimetics -- 5. Applications -- 5.1. Surfaces with Improved Mechanical Properties -- 5.2. Antireflective Surfaces -- 5.3. Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Surfaces -- 5.4. Biomolecule Immobilization -- 5.5. Biosensors -- 5.6. Sterilization -- 5.7. Antimicrobial Surfaces -- 5.8. Interaction with Living Tissue -- 5.9. Therapies and Drug Release -- 5.10. Treating Living Organisms -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Index.