Biological Sludge Minimization and Biomaterials/Bioenergy Recovery Technologies -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- 1 Fundamentals of Biological Processes for Wastewater Treatment -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Overview of Biological Wastewater Treatment -- 1.2.1 The Objective of Biological Wastewater Treatment -- 1.2.2 Roles of Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment -- 1.2.3 Types of Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes -- 1.3 Classification of Microorganisms -- 1.3.1 By the Sources of Carbon and Energy -- 1.3.2 By Temperature Range -- 1.3.3 Microorganism Types in Biological Wastewater Treatment -- 1.4 Some Important Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment -- 1.4.1 Bacteria -- 1.4.2 Fungi -- 1.4.3 Algae -- 1.4.4 Protozoans -- 1.4.5 Rotifers and Crustaceans -- 1.4.6 Viruses -- 1.5 Measurement of Microbial Biomass -- 1.5.1 Total Number of Microbial Cells -- 1.5.2 Measurement of Viable Microbes on Solid Growth Media -- 1.5.3 Measurement of Active Cells in Environmental Samples -- 1.5.4 Determination of Cellular Biochemical Compounds -- 1.5.5 Evaluation of Microbial Biodiversity by Molecular Techniques -- 1.6 Microbial Nutrition -- 1.6.1 Microbial Chemical Composition -- 1.6.2 Macronutrients -- 1.6.3 Micronutrients -- 1.6.4 Growth Factor -- 1.6.5 Microbial Empirical Formula -- 1.7 Microbial Metabolism -- 1.7.1 Catabolic Metabolic Pathways -- 1.7.2 Anabolic Metabolic Pathway -- 1.7.3 Biomass Synthesis Yields -- 1.7.4 Coupling Energy-Synthesis Metabolism -- 1.8 Functions of Biological Wastewater Treatment -- 1.8.1 Aerobic Biological Oxidation -- 1.8.2 Biological Nutrients Removal -- 1.8.3 Anaerobic Biological Oxidation -- 1.8.4 Biological Removal of Toxic Organic Compounds and Heavy Metals -- 1.8.5 Removal of Pathogens and Parasites -- 1.9 Activated Sludge Process -- 1.9.1 Basic Process -- 1.9.2 Microbiology of Activated Sludge.

1.9.3 Biochemistry of Activated Sludge -- 1.9.4 Main Problems in the Activated Sludge Process -- 1.10 Suspended- and Attached-Growth Processes -- 1.10.1 Suspended-Growth Processes -- 1.10.2 Attached-Growth Processes -- 1.10.3 Hybrid Systems -- 1.10.4 Comparison Between Suspended- and Attached-Growth Systems -- 1.11 Sludge Production, Treatment and Disposal -- 1.11.1 Sludge Production -- 1.11.2 Sludge Treatment Processes -- 1.11.3 Sludge Disposal and Application -- References -- 2 Sludge Production: Quantification and Prediction for Urban Treatment Plants and Assessment of Strategies for Sludge Reduction -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Sludge Fractionation and Origin -- 2.2.1 Sludge Composition -- 2.2.2 Wastewater Characteristics -- 2.3 Quantification of Excess Sludge Production -- 2.3.1 Primary Treatment, -- 2.3.2 Activated Sludge Process, -- 2.3.3 Phosphorus Removal (Biological and Physicochemical) -- 2.4 Practical Evaluation of Sludge Production -- 2.4.1 Sludge Production Yield Variability with Domestic Wastewater -- 2.4.2 Influence of Sludge Age: Experimental Data Versus Models -- 2.4.3 ISS Entrapment in the Sludge -- 2.4.4 Example of Sludge Production for a Different Case Study -- 2.5 Strategies for Excess Sludge Reduction -- 2.5.1 Classification of Strategies -- 2.5.2 Increasing the Sludge Age -- 2.5.3 Model-Based Evaluation of Advanced ESR Strategies -- 2.6 Conclusions -- 2.7 Nomenclature -- References -- 3 Characterization of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Definitions -- 3.3 Wastewater and Sludge Composition and Fractionation -- 3.3.1 Wastewater COD Fractions -- 3.3.2 WAS COD Fractions -- 3.3.3 ADS Organic Fractions -- 3.4 Physical Fractionation -- 3.4.1 Physical State of Wastewater Organic Matter -- 3.4.2 Methods for Physical Fractionation of Wastewater Components.

3.5 Biodegradation Assays for Wastewater and Sludge Characterization -- 3.5.1 Background -- 3.5.2 Methods Based on Substrate Depletion -- 3.5.3 Methods Based on Respirometry -- 3.5.4 Anaerobic Biodegradation Assays -- 3.6 Application to Wastewater COD Fractionation -- 3.6.1 Global Picture of Fractionation Methods and Wastewater COD Fractions -- 3.6.2 Application of Physical Separation for Characterization of Wastewater COD Fractions -- 3.6.3 Biodegradable COD Fraction -- 3.6.4 Relation Between Physical and Biological Properties of Organic Fractions -- 3.6.5 Unbiodegradable Particulate COD Fractions -- 3.7 Assessment of the Characteristics of Sludge and Disintegrated Sludge -- 3.7.1 Physical Fractionation of COD Released from Sludge Disintegration Treatment -- 3.7.2 Biological Fractionation of COD Released from Sludge Disintegration Treatment -- 3.7.3 Biodegradability of WAS in Anaerobic Digestion -- 3.7.4 Unbiodegradable COD in Anaerobic Digestion -- 3.8 Nomenclature -- References -- 4 Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic Process for Enhanced Microbial Decay -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Description of the Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic Process -- 4.2.1 Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic Process -- 4.2.2 Characteristics of the OSA Process -- 4.3 Effects of an Anaerobic Sludge Tank on the Performance of an OSA System -- 4.3.1 Fate of Sludge Anaerobic Exposure in an OSA System -- 4.3.2 Effect of Sludge Anaerobic Exposure on Biomass Activity -- 4.4 Sludge Production in an OSA System -- 4.5 Performance of an OSA System -- 4.5.1 Organic and Nutrient Removal -- 4.5.2 Sludge Settleability -- 4.6 Important Influence Factors -- 4.6.1 Influence of the ORP on Sludge Production -- 4.6.2 Influence of the ORP on Performance of an OSA System -- 4.6.3 Influence of SAET on Sludge Production -- 4.6.4 Influence of SAET on the Performance of an OSA System.

4.7 Possible Sludge Reduction in the OSA Process -- 4.7.1 Slow Growers -- 4.7.2 Energy Uncoupling Metabolism -- 4.7.3 Sludge Endogenous Decay -- 4.8 Microbial Community in an OSA System -- 4.8.1 Staining Analysis -- 4.8.2 FISH Analysis -- 4.9 Cost and Energy Evaluation -- 4.10 Evaluation of the OSA Process -- 4.11 Process Development -- 4.11.1 Sludge Decay Combined with Other Sludge Reduction Mechanisms -- 4.11.2 Improved Efficiency in Sludge Anaerobic Digestion -- 4.11.3 Combined Minimization of Excess Sludge with Nutrient Removal -- References -- 5 Energy Uncoupling for Sludge Minimization: Pros and Cons -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Overview of Adenosine Triphosphate Synthesis -- 5.2.1 Electron Transport System -- 5.2.2 Mechanisms of Oxidative Phosphorylation -- 5.3 Control of ATP Synthesis -- 5.3.1 Diversion of PMF from ATP Synthesis to Other Physiological Activities -- 5.3.2 Inhibition of Oxidative Phosphorylation -- 5.3.3 Uncoupling of Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation -- 5.4 Energy Uncoupling for Sludge Reduction -- 5.4.1 Chemical Uncouplers Used for Sludge Reduction -- 5.4.2 Uncoupling Activity -- 5.5 Modeling of Uncoupling Effect on Sludge Production -- 5.6 Sideeffects of Chemical Uncouplers -- 5.7 Full-Scale Application -- References -- 6 Reduction of Excess Sludge Production Using Ozonation or Chlorination: Performance and Mechanisms of Action -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Significant Operational Results for ESP Reduction with Ozone -- 6.2.1 Options for Combining Ozonation and Biological Treatment -- 6.2.2 ESP Reduction Performance -- 6.2.3 Assessing Ozone Efficiency for Mineral ESP Reduction -- 6.3 Side Effects of Sludge Ozonation -- 6.3.1 Outlet SS and COD -- 6.3.2 N Removal -- 6.4 Cost Assessment -- 6.5 Effect of Ozone on Sludge -- 6.5.1 Synergy Between Ozonation and Biological Treatment.

6.5.2 Some Fundamentals of Ozone Transfer -- 6.5.3 Sludge Composition -- 6.5.4 Effect of Ozone on Activated Sludge: Batch Tests -- 6.5.5 Effect of Ozone on Biomass Activity -- 6.5.6 Competition for Ozone in Mixed Liquor -- 6.6 Modeling Ozonation Effect -- 6.7 Remarks on Sludge Ozonation -- 6.8 Chlorination in Water and Wastewater Treatment -- 6.8.1 Introduction -- 6.8.2 Chlorination-Assisted Biological Process for Sludge Reduction -- 6.8.3 Effect of Chlorine Dosage on Sludge Reduction -- 6.8.4 Chlorine Requirement -- 6.9 Nomenclature -- References -- 7 High-Dissolved-Oxygen Biological Process for Sludge Reduction -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Mechanism of High-Dissolved-Oxygen Reduced Sludge Production -- 7.2.1 High-Dissolved-Oxygen Decreased Specific Loading Rate -- 7.2.2 High-Dissolved-Oxygen Uncoupled Microbial Metabolism Pathway -- 7.2.3 High-Dissolved-Oxygen Shifted Microbial Population -- 7.3 Limits of High-Dissolved-Oxygen Process for Reduced Sludge Production -- References -- 8 Minimizing Excess Sludge Production Through Membrane Bioreactors and Integrated Processes -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Mass Balances -- 8.3 Integrated Processes Based on Lysis-Cryptic Growth -- 8.3.1 Mass Balance Incorporating Sludge Disintegration and Solubilization -- 8.3.2 Thermal and Thermal-Alkaline Treatment -- 8.3.3 Ozonation -- 8.3.4 Sonication -- 8.4 Predation -- 8.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks -- References -- 9 Microbial Fuel Cell Technology for Sustainable Treatment of Organic Wastes and Electrical Energy Recovery -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Fundamentals, Evaluation, and Design of MFCs -- 9.2.1 Principles -- 9.2.2 Performance Evaluation -- 9.2.3 MFC Configurations -- 9.3 Performance of Anodes -- 9.3.1 Electrode Materials -- 9.3.2 Microbial Electron Transfer -- 9.3.3 Electron Donors -- 9.4 Cathode Performances -- 9.4.1 Electron Acceptors.

9.4.2 Electrochemical Fundamentals of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction.