Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Non-imaging Focusing Heliostat -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Principle of Non-imaging Focusing Heliostat (NIFH) -- 1.2.1 Primary Tracking (Global Movement for Heliostat Frame) -- 1.2.2 Secondary Tracking (Local Movement for Slave Mirrors) -- 1.3 Residual Aberration -- 1.3.1 Methodology -- 1.3.2 Optical Analysis of Residual Aberration -- 1.4 Optimization of Flux Distribution Pattern for Wide Range of Incident Angle -- 1.5 First Prototype of Non-imaging Focusing Heliostat (NIFH) -- 1.5.1 Heliostat Structure -- 1.5.2 Heliostat Arm -- 1.5.3 Pedestal -- 1.5.4 Mirror and Unit Frame -- 1.5.5 Hardware and Software Control System -- 1.5.6 Optical Alignment of Prototype Heliostat -- 1.5.7 High Temperature Solar Furnace System -- 1.6 Second Prototype of Non-imaging Focusing Heliostat (NIFH) -- 1.6.1 Introduction -- 1.6.2 Mechanical Design and Control System of Second Prototype -- 1.6.3 High Temperature Potato Skin Vaporization Experiment -- 1.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 2 State-of-the-Art of Nanostructures in Solar Energy Research -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Motivations for Solar Energy -- 2.2.1 Importance of Solar Energy -- 2.2.2 Solar Energy and Its Economy -- 2.2.3 Technologies Based on Solar Energy -- 2.2.4 Photovoltaic Systems -- 2.3 Nanostructures and Different Synthesis Techniques -- 2.3.1 Classification of Nanomaterials -- 2.3.2 Synthesis and Processing of Nanomaterials -- 2.4 Nanomaterials for Solar Cells Applications -- 2.4.1 CdTe, CdSe and CdS Thin-Film PV Devices -- 2.4.2 Nanoparticles/Quantum Dot Solar Cells and PV Devices -- 2.4.3 Iron Disulfide Pyrite, CuInS2 and Cu2ZnSnS4 -- 2.4.4 Organic Solar Cells and Nanowire Solar Cells -- 2.4.5 Polycrystalline Thin-Film Solar Cells -- 2.5 Advanced Nanostructures for Technological Applications.

2.5.1 Nanocones Used as Inexpensive Solar Cells -- 2.5.2 Core/Shell Nanoparticles towards PV Applications -- 2.5.3 Silicon PV Devices -- 2.5.4 III-V Semiconductors -- 2.6 Theory and Future Trends in Solar Cells -- 2.6.1 Theoretical Formulation of the Solar Cell -- 2.6.2 The Third Generation Solar Cells -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Metal Oxide Semiconductors and Their Nanocomposites Application towards Photovoltaic and Photocatalytic -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Metal Oxide Nanostructures for Photovoltaic Applications -- 3.3 TiO2Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for the Application of DSSC and Heterostructure Devices -- 3.3.1 Fabrication of DSSCs with TiO2 Nanorods (NRs) Based Photoanode -- 3.3.2 Fabrication of DSSCs with TiO2 Nanocomposite Based Photoanode -- 3.3.3 TiO2 Nanocomposite for the Heterostructure Devices -- 3.4 ZnO Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for the Application of DSSC and Heterostructure Devices -- 3.4.1 Fabrication of DSSCs with ZnO Nanotubes (NTs) Based Photoanode -- 3.4.2 Fabrication of DSSCs with Nanospikes Decorated ZnO Sheets Based Photoanode -- 3.4.3 Fabrication of DSSCs with ZnO Nanorods (NRs) and Nanoballs (NBs) Nanomaterial Based Photoanode -- 3.4.4 Fabrication of DSSCs with Spindle Shaped Sn-Doped ZnO Nanostructures Based Photoanode -- 3.4.5 Fabrication of DSSCs with Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanorods (NRs) and Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Based Photoanode -- 3.4.6 ZnO Nanocomposite for the Heterostructures Devices -- 3.4.7 Fabrication of Heterostructure Device with Doped ZnO Nanocomposite -- 3.8 Metal Oxide Nanostructures and Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Application -- 3.8.1 ZnO Flower Nanostructures for Photocatalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet (Cv)Dye -- 3.8.2 Advanced ZnO-Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet (Cv)Dye.

3.8.3 Effective Nanocomposite of Polyaniline (PANI) and ZnO for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) Dye -- 3.8.4 Novel Poly(1-naphthylamine)/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) Dye -- 3.8.5 Nanocomposites of Poly(1-naphthylamine)/SiO2 and Poly(1-Naphthylamine)/TiO2 for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) Dye -- 3.9 Conclusions -- 3.10 Future Directions -- References -- 4 Superionic Solids in Energy Device Applications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Classification of Superionic Solids -- 4.3 Ion Conduction in Superionic Solids -- 4.4 Important Models -- 4.4.1 Models for Crystalline/Polycrystalline Superionic Solids -- 4.4.2 Models for Glassy Superionic Solids -- 4.4.3 Models for Composite Superionic Solids -- 4.4.4 Models for Polymeric Superionic Solids -- 4.5 Applications -- 4.5.1 Solid-State Batteries -- 4.5.2 Fuel Cells -- 4.5.3 Super Capacitors -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Polymer Nanocomposites: New Advanced Dielectric Materials for Energy Storage Applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Dielectric Mechanism -- 5.2.1 Dielectric Permittivity, Loss and Breakdown -- 5.2.2 Polarization -- 5.3 Dielectric Materials -- 5.4 Demand for New Materials: Polymer Composites -- 5.5 Polymer Nanocomposites: Concept and Electrical Properties -- 5.5.1 Polymer Nanocomposites for Dielectric Applications -- 5.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- 6 Solid Electrolytes: Principles and Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Ionic Solids -- 6.2.1 Bonds in Ionic Solids -- 6.2.2 Structure of Ionic Solids -- 6.3 Classification of Solid Electrolytes -- 6.4 Criteria for High Ionic Conductivity and Mobility -- 6.5 Electrical Characterization of Solid Electrolyte -- 6.5.1 DC Polarization -- 6.5.2 Impedance Spectroscopy -- 6.6 Ionic Conductivity and Temperature.

6.7 Concentration-Dependent Conductivity -- 6.8 Ionic Conductivity in Composite SE -- 6.9 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical System -- 6.10 Applications -- 6.10.1 Solid-State Batteries -- 6.10.2 Sensors -- 6.10.3 SO2 Sensor Kinetics and Thermodynamics -- 6.12 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Advanced Electronics: Looking beyond Silicon -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Silicon Era -- 7.1.2 Moore's Law -- 7.2 Limitations of Silicon-Based Technology -- 7.2.1 Speed, Density and Design Complexity -- 7.2.2 Power Consumption and Heat Dissipation -- 7.2.3 Cost Concern -- 7.3 Need for Carbon-Based Electronics Technology -- 7.4 Carbon Family -- 7.4.1 Carbon Nanotube -- 7.4.2 Graphene -- 7.5 Electronic Structure of Graphene and CNT -- 7.6 Synthesis of CNTs -- 7.6.1 Arc Discharge Method -- 7.6.2 Pyrolysis of Hydrocarbons -- 7.6.3 Laser Vaporization -- 7.6.4 Electrolysis -- 7.6.5 Solar Vaporization -- 7.7 Carbon Nanotube Devices -- 7.7.1 Nanotube-Based FET Transistors CNTFET -- 7.7.2 CNT Interconnect -- 7.7.3 Carbon Nanotube Sensor of Polar Molecules -- 7.7.4 Carbon Nanotube Crossbar Arrays for Random Access Memory -- 7.8 Advantages of CNT-Based Devices -- 7.8.1 Ballistic Transport -- 7.8.2 Flexible Device -- 7.8.3 Low Power Dissipation -- 7.8.4 Low Cost -- 7.9 Issues with Carbon-Based Electronics -- 7.10 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Ab-Initio Determination of Pressure-Dependent Electronic and Optical Properties of Lead Sulfide for Energy Applications -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Computational Details -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Phase Transition and Structural Parameters -- 8.3.2 Pressure Dependent Electronic Properties -- 8.3.3 Pressure-Dependent Dielectric Constant -- 8.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Radiation Damage in GaN-Based Materials and Devices -- 9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Fundamental Studies of Radiation Defects in GaN and Related Materials -- 9.2.1 Threshold Displacement Energy: Theory and Experiment -- 9.2.2 Radiation Defects in GaN: Defects Levels, Effects on Charge Carriers Concentration, Mobility, Lifetime of Charge Carriers, Thermal Stability of Defects -- 9.3 Radiation Effects in Other III-Nitrides -- 9.4 Radiation Effects in GaN Schottky Diodes, in AlGaN/GaN and GaN/InGaN Heterojunctions and Quantum Wells -- 9.5 Radiation Effects in GaN-Based Devices -- 9.6 Prospects of Radiation Technology for GaN -- 9.7 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals: Smart Materials for Future Displays -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Molecular Packing in Liquid Crystalline Phases -- 10.2 Theories of Antiferroelectricity in Liquid Crystals -- 10.3 Molecular Structure Design/Synthesis of AFLC Materials -- 10.4 Macroscopic Characterization and Physical Properties of AFLCs -- 10.4.1 Experimental Techniques -- 10.4.2 Dielectric Parameters of AFLCs -- 10.4.3 Switching and Electro-Optic Parameters -- 10.5 Conclusion and Future Scope -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Membrane for Fuel Cell Applications -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 What is Fuel Cell? -- 11.2 PEEK Overview -- 11.2.1 Applications of PEEK -- 11.2.2 Why PEEK is Used as Fuel Cell Membrane -- 11.3 PEEK as Fuel Cell Membrane -- 11.4 Modified PEEK as Fuel Cell Membrane -- 11.4.1 Sulphonated PEEK as Fuel Cell Membrane -- 11.5 Evaluation of Cell Performance -- 11.6 Market Size -- 11.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 12 Vanadate Phosphors for Energy Efficient Lighting -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Some Well-Known Vanadate Phosphors -- 12.3 Our Approach -- 12.4 Experimental Details.

12.5 Results and Discussion of M3-3x/2(VO4)2:xEu (0.01 ≤ x ≤ 0.09 for M = Ca and 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3 for M = Sr,Ba) Phosphors.