Cover -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1. Accidents and Safety -- Introduction -- The Safety Case -- The Safety Case Report -- Health and Safety Plan -- System Safety Approach Documentation -- Control of Major Accident Hazards (COMAH) -- Summary -- 2. The Language of Safety -- The Concepts of Language -- The Language of Risk, Chance, Probability and Hazard -- The Origins of Chance, Risk and Probability -- The Origins of Hazard -- The Origins of Safety and Safety Case -- Modern use of Safety Language -- Development of the Safety Case in the UK -- Development of Safety Reports in the US -- Summary -- 3. The Safety Management System -- The Components of a Safety Management System -- Designing a Safety Management System -- Safety Management Planning -- Example of a UK Safety Plan -- Example of a US Safety Plan -- Safety Planning Meetings -- 4. The Purpose of a Safety Case -- Why Are You Constructing a Safety Case? -- The Safety Case as a Record of Residual Risk -- Safety Cases as a Management Tool During Change -- Safety Cases as a Record of Engineering Practice -- Safety Cases as a Tool in a Court of Law -- Safety Cases as a Marketing Tool -- Safety Cases as a Route to Fewer Accidents -- Understand your Particular Purpose(s) -- 5. The Requirement for a Safety Case -- Why Do You Need a Safety Case Anyway? -- Legislation for Safety Cases -- Evidence for the Need to Have a Safety Case -- Goal-based and Prescriptive Requirements -- 6. Setting a Safety Boundary -- What is a Safety Boundary? -- Deriving the Safety Boundary -- Boundary Diagrams -- When a Diagram Might Not Work -- Other Boundary Considerations -- 7. Measuring Safety Performance -- Judging Safety Performance -- Measurement Scales -- Safety Measurement Scales -- Event Severity Scales -- Event Frequency Scales.

The Risk Matrix for Communicating About Safety -- Populating a Risk Matrix -- Special Note -- The Layout of a Risk Matrix -- The Final Check -- Summary -- 8. Safety Targets -- The Role of Safety Targets -- Setting a Safety Target -- Quantitative Targets -- Target Apportionment -- Quantitative Targets in Use -- Qualitative Targets -- 9. So Far as is Reasonably Practicable -- So Far as is Reasonably Practicable -- The ALARP Concept -- Demonstrating ALARP -- The Accident Tetrahedron -- Problems with ALARP as a Safety Target -- Real Use of the ALARP Process in Industry -- The GALE Principle -- 10. Individual, Group and Population Risk -- Sharing Risk -- Individual Risk -- Group Risk -- Population Risk -- Use of FN Curves -- Worker vs. Public Risk -- Multiple Safety Targets in a Safety Case -- 11. The Safety Team -- Why Have a Team at All? -- What the Team has to Do -- Who is in the Team? -- The Project Safety Committee -- Forming a Safety Committee -- Who Owns the Safety Case? -- 12. Costs in Safety -- The Measurements of Costs -- The Cost of Having Accidents -- The Value of a Prevented Fatality -- Cost Indicators from Criminal Fines -- Cost Indicators from Other Fines -- 13. Techniques and Tools for Safety Cases -- Introduction -- HAZOP -- Structured What-if Technique (SWIFT) -- Fault-tree Analysis -- Event tree Analysis -- Zonal Analysis -- Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) -- Human Hazard Analysis -- Human Reliability Analysis -- Stored Energy Analysis -- Summary -- 14. The Hazard Log -- The Role of the Hazard Log -- The Requirement for a Hazard Log -- The Content of a Hazard Log -- Examples of Real Hazard Logs -- 15. Human Factors in Safety Cases -- Introduction to Human Factors -- The Human Caused the Accident -- The Human Prevented the Accident -- Human Systems Integration -- Safety Documents from the Human Factors Domain.

Human Factors Analysis -- Summary -- 16. Software Factors in Safety Cases -- Introduction to Software Factors -- The Software Caused the Accident -- Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) Systems -- Software of Uncertain Pedigree (SOUP) -- How to Treat the Risks of Software -- Software Testing Methods -- Safety Documents from the Software Domain -- 17. Management Factors in Safety Cases -- Introduction to Management Factors -- The Managers Caused the Accident -- Managers and the Law -- Promoting a Safety Culture -- Evidence from Managers for the Safety Case -- 18. Independent Safety Review -- The Principles of a Review -- How Independent is 'Independent'? -- A Review by the Regulators -- Assessor, Advisor or Auditor -- Competency of the Reviewer -- The Terms of Reference -- 19. Presentation of the Safety Case -- Introduction to Presenting Safety Cases -- The Paper-based Safety Case -- Recommended Layouts for a Paper-based Safety Case -- The IT-based Safety Case -- Recommended Layouts for an IT-based Safety Case -- Goal Structuring Notation Tool Support -- 20. Maintenance of the Safety Case -- What Happens to Safety Cases? -- Managing Change -- Review and Update Cycles -- Epilogue -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- Z.