Front Cover -- Interconnecting Smart Objects with IP: The Next Internet -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- About the Authors -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- OBJECTIVES -- STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK -- Acknowledgements -- SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PART 1 THE ARCHITECTURE -- CHAPTER 1 What Are Smart Objects? -- 1.1 Where Do Smart Objects Come From? -- 1.1.1 Embedded Systems -- 1.1.2 Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing -- 1.1.3 Mobile Telephony -- 1.1.4 Telemetry and Machine-to-machine Communication -- 1.1.5 Wireless Sensor and Ubiquitous Sensor Networks -- 1.1.6 Mobile Computing -- 1.1.7 Computer Networking -- 1.2 Challenges for Smart Objects -- 1.2.1 Node-level Challenges -- 1.2.2 Network-level Challenges -- 1.2.3 Standardization -- 1.2.4 Interoperability -- 1.3 Conclusions -- CHAPTER 2 IP Protocol Architecture -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 From NCP to TCP/IP -- 2.3 Fundamental TCP/IP Architectural Design Principles -- 2.4 The Delicate Subject of Cross-layer Optimization -- 2.5 Why Is IP Layering also Important for Smart Object Networks? -- 2.6 Conclusions -- CHAPTER 3 Why IP for Smart Objects? -- 3.1 Interoperability -- 3.2 An Evolving and Versatile Architecture -- 3.3 Stability and Universality of the Architecture -- 3.4 Scalability -- 3.5 Configuration and Management -- 3.6 Small Footprint -- 3.7 What Are the Alternatives? -- 3.8 Why Are Gateways Bad? -- 3.8.1 Inherent Complexity -- 3.8.2 Lack of Flexibility and Scalability -- 3.9 Conclusions -- CHAPTER 4 IPv6 for Smart Object Networks and the Internet of Things -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Depletion of the IPv4 Address Space -- 4.2.1 Current IPv4 Address Pool Exhaustion Rate -- 4.3 NAT: A (Temporary) Solution to IPv4 Address Exhaustion -- 4.4 Architectural Discussion -- 4.5 Conclusions -- CHAPTER 5 Routing -- 5.1 Routing in IP Networks -- 5.1.1 IP Routing and QoS.

5.1.2 IP Routing and Network Reliability -- 5.2 Specifics of Routing in LLNs -- 5.2.1 What Makes the Routing in LLNs Different? -- 5.3 Layer 2 Versus Layer 3 "Routing" -- 5.3.1 Where Should Path Computation Be Performed? -- 5.4 Conclusions -- CHAPTER 6 Transport Protocols -- 6.1 UDP -- 6.1.1 Best-effort Datagram Delivery -- 6.1.2 The UDP Header -- 6.2 TCP -- 6.2.1 Reliable Stream Transport -- 6.2.2 The TCP Header -- 6.2.3 TCP Options -- 6.2.4 Round-trip Time Estimation -- 6.2.5 Flow Control -- 6.2.6 Congestion Control -- 6.2.7 TCP States -- 6.3 UDP for Smart Objects -- 6.4 TCP for Smart Objects -- 6.5 Conclusions -- CHAPTER 7 Service Discovery -- 7.1 Service Discovery in IP Networks -- 7.2 Service Discovery Protocols -- 7.2.1 SLP -- 7.2.2 Zeroconf, Rendezvous, and Bonjour -- 7.2.3 UPnP -- 7.3 Conclusions -- CHAPTER 8 Security for Smart Objects -- 8.1 The Three Properties of Security -- 8.1.1 Confidentiality -- 8.1.2 Integrity -- 8.1.3 Availability -- 8.2 "Security" by Obscurity -- 8.3 Encryption -- 8.4 Security Mechanisms for Smart Objects -- 8.4.1 Security Policies for Smart Objects -- 8.4.2 Link Layer Encryption -- 8.5 Security Mechanisms in the IP Architecture -- 8.5.1 IPsec -- 8.5.2 TLS -- 8.6 Conclusions -- CHAPTER 9 Web Services for Smart Objects -- 9.1 Web Service Concepts -- 9.1.1 Common Data Formats -- 9.1.2 Representational State Transfer -- 9.2 The Performance of Web Services for Smart Objects -- 9.2.1 Implementation Complexity -- 9.2.2 Performance -- 9.3 Pachube: A Web Service System for Smart Objects -- 9.3.1 Interaction Model -- 9.3.2 Pachube Data Formats -- 9.3.3 HTTP Requests -- 9.3.4 HTTP Return Codes -- 9.3.5 Authentication and Security -- 9.3.6 Triggers -- 9.4 Conclusions -- CHAPTER 10 Connectivity Models for Smart Object Networks -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Autonomous Smart Object Networks Model -- 10.3 The Internet of Things.

10.4 The Extended Internet -- 10.4.1 The Role of Proxy Engines and the Application Overlay Networks -- 10.5 Conclusions -- PART 2 THE TECHNOLOGY -- CHAPTER 11 Smart Object Hardware and Software -- 11.1 Hardware -- 11.1.1 Communication Device -- 11.1.2 Microcontroller -- 11.1.3 Sensors and Actuators -- 11.1.4 Power Sources -- 11.1.5 Outlook: Systems on a Chip, Printed Electronics, and Claytronics -- 11.2 Software for Smart Objects -- 11.2.1 Operating Systems for Smart Objects -- 11.2.2 Multi-threaded Versus Event-driven Programming -- 11.2.3 Memory Management -- 11.2.4 Outlook: Macroprogramming, Java -- 11.3 Energy Management -- 11.3.1 Radio Power Management Mechanisms -- 11.3.2 Asynchronous Duty Cycling -- 11.3.3 Synchronous Duty Cycling -- 11.3.4 Examples of Radio On-times -- 11.4 Conclusions -- CHAPTER 12 Communication Mechanisms for Smart Objects -- 12.1 Communication Patterns for Smart Objects -- 12.1.1 One-to-one Communication -- 12.1.2 One-to-many Communication -- 12.1.3 Many-to-one Communication -- 12.2 Physical Communication Standards -- 12.3 IEEE 802.15.4 -- 12.3.1. 802.15.4 Addresses -- 12.3.2. The 802.15.4 Physical Layer -- 12.3.3. MAC Layer -- 12.3.4. The 802.15.4 Frame Format -- 12.3.5. Power Consumption -- 12.4 IEEE 802.11 and WiFi -- 12.4.1 Network Topology and Formation -- 12.4.2 Physical Layer -- 12.4.3 MAC Layer -- 12.4.4 Low-power WiFi -- 12.5 PLC -- 12.5.1 Physical Layer -- 12.5.2 MAC Layer -- 12.5.3 Power Consumption -- 12.6 Conclusions -- CHAPTER 13 uIP - A Lightweight IP Stack -- 13.1 Principles of Operation -- 13.1.1 Input Processing -- 13.1.2 Output Processing -- 13.1.3 Periodic Processing -- 13.1.4 Packet Forwarding -- 13.2 uIP Memory Buffer Management -- 13.3 uIP Application Program Interface -- 13.3.1 The Event-driven API -- 13.4 uIP Protocol Implementations -- 13.4.1 IP Fragment Reassembly -- 13.4.2 TCP.

13.4.3 Checksum Calculations -- 13.5 Memory Footprint -- 13.6 Conclusions -- CHAPTER 14 Standardization -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The IETF -- 14.2.1 The IETF Mission -- 14.2.2 The IETF Organization -- 14.2.3 IETF Standard Tracks -- 14.2.4 The IETF Standard Process -- 14.2.5 The IAB -- 14.3 IETF Working Groups Related to IP for Smart Objects -- 14.3.1 The IPv6 Over Low-power WPAN Working Group -- 14.3.2 The ROLL Working Group -- 14.4 Conclusions -- CHAPTER 15 IPv6 for Smart Object Networks - A Technology Refresher -- 15.1 IPv6 for Smart Object Networks? -- 15.2 The IPv6 Packet Headers -- 15.2.1 IPv6 Fixed Header -- 15.2.2 Extended Headers -- 15.2.3 The Hop-by-hop Option Header -- 15.2.4 The Routing Header -- 15.2.5 The Fragment Header -- 15.2.6 The Destination Option Header -- 15.2.7 The No Next Header -- 15.3 IPv6 Addressing Architecture -- 15.3.1 Notion of Unicast, Anycast, and Multicast -- 15.3.2 Representation of IPv6 Addresses -- 15.3.3 Unicast Addresses -- 15.3.4 Anycast Addresses -- 15.3.5 Multicast Addresses -- 15.4 The ICMP for IPv6 -- 15.4.1 ICMPv6 Error Messages -- 15.4.2 ICMP Informational Messages -- 15.5 Neighbor Discovery Protocol -- 15.5.1 The Neighbor Solicitation Message -- 15.5.2 The NA Message -- 15.5.3 The Router Advertisement Messages -- 15.5.4 The Router Solicitation Message -- 15.5.5 The Redirect Message -- 15.5.6 Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD) -- 15.6 Load Balancing -- 15.7 IPv6 Autoconfiguration -- 15.7.1 Building the Link-local Address -- 15.7.2 The Stateless Autoconfiguration Process -- 15.7.3 Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6 -- 15.8 DHCPv6 -- 15.8.1 Stateful Autoconfiguration -- 15.8.2 Stateless DHCP -- 15.9 IPv6 QoS -- 15.9.1 The Diffserv Model -- 15.9.2 The IntServ Model -- 15.10 IPv6 over an IPv4 Backbone Network -- 15.11 IPv6 Multicast -- 15.11.1 IPv6 Multicast Addressing.

15.12 Conclusions -- CHAPTER 16 The 6LoWPAN Adaptation Layer -- 16.1 Terminology -- 16.2 The 6LoWPAN Adaptation Layer -- 16.2.1 The Mesh Addressing Header -- 16.2.2 Fragmentation -- 16.2.3 6LoWPAN Header Compression -- 16.2.4 Stateless Configuration -- 16.3 Conclusions -- CHAPTER 17 RPL Routing in Smart Object Networks -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 What Is a Low-power and Lossy Network? -- 17.3 Routing Requirements -- 17.4 Routing Metrics in Smart Object Networks -- 17.4.1 Aggregated Versus Recorded Routing Metrics -- 17.4.2 Local Versus Global Metrics -- 17.4.3 The Routing Metrics/Constraints Common Header -- 17.4.4 The Node State and Attributes Object -- 17.4.5 Node Energy Object -- 17.4.6 Hop-count Object -- 17.4.7 Throughput Object -- 17.4.8 Latency Object -- 17.4.9 Link Reliability Object -- 17.4.10 Link Colors Attribute -- 17.5 The Objective Function -- 17.6 RPL: The New Routing Protocol for Smart Object Networks -- 17.6.1 Protocol Overview -- 17.6.2 Use of Multiple DODAG and the Concept of RPL Instance -- 17.6.3 RPL Messages -- 17.6.4 RPL DODAG Building Process -- 17.6.5 Movements of a Node Within and Between DODAGs -- 17.6.6 Populating the Routing Tables Along the DODAG Using DAO Messages -- 17.6.7 Loop Avoidance and Loop Detection Mechanisms in RPL -- 17.6.8 Global and Local Repair -- 17.6.9 Routing Adjacency with RPL -- 17.6.10 RPL Timer Management -- 17.6.11 Simulation Results -- 17.7 Conclusions -- CHAPTER 18 The IP for Smart Object Alliance -- 18.1 Mission and Objectives of the IPSO Alliance -- 18.2 IPSO Organization -- 18.3 A Key Activity of the IPSO Alliance: Interoperability Testing -- 18.4 Conclusions -- CHAPTER 19 Non-IP Smart Object Technologies -- 19.1 ZigBee -- 19.1.1 ZigBee Device Types -- 19.1.2 Layers in the ZigBee Stack -- 19.1.3 PHY and MAC Layers -- 19.1.4 NWK -- 19.1.5 APS Sublayer -- 19.1.6 AF -- 19.1.7 Network Setup.

19.1.8 ZigBee Is Migrating to IP.