Studies in African Linguistic Typology -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Dedication -- Table of contents -- Introduction -- References -- Future tense and aspect markings in Southern Bantu -- 1. Tense and aspect in Bantu -- 1.1. The notions of tense and aspect -- 1.2. Modal notions in Bantu -- 1.3. Future tense and aspect marking in Bantu -- 2. Future tense and aspect marking in Southern Bantu -- 2.1. Sources of future tense and aspect marking in Southern Bantu -- 2.2. Other future TAM forms in Southern Bantu -- 2.3. The use of the Potential/Conditional form -nga- -- 3. Negative forms -- 4. Compound forms involving futurity -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- The marking of directional deixis in Somali* -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The seeming atypicality of soo and sii as directional deictics -- 3. The underlying logic: Towards a working hypothesis -- 4. The semantics of soo and sii in typological perspective -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- A typology of subject and object markers in African languages -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Subtypes of pronominal markers according to their conditions of co-occurrence with the corresponding noun phrases -- 2.1. The three stages in the evolution of pronominal markers -- 2.2. Subject/object markers functioning as pure agreement morphemes in African languages -- 2.3. Discourse dependent and obligatory subject markers in African languages -- 2.4. Discourse dependent and obligatory object markers in African languages -- 2.5. Implicit reference to discursively salient entities -- 3. Problems in recognizing the distinction between free pronouns and pronominal markers -- 4. Pronominal markers attached to words other than the verb -- 5. Distinctions in the phonological shape of subject and object markers -- 6. Object markers and ditransitive verbs.

6.1. Indexation systems in which object markers attached to transfer verbs can represent the transferred thing, but not the recipient -- 6.2. Indexation systems in which object markers attached to transfer verbs can represent the recipient, but not the transferred thing -- 6.3. Indexation systems in which object markers attached to transfer verbs can equally represent the recipient or the transferred thing -- 6.4. The particular case of serializing languages -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Head marking, dependent marking and constituent order in the Nilotic area* -- 1. Head-marking and dependent-marking languages -- 2. Areal types in northeastern Africa -- 2.1. The verb-final bond and dependent marking -- 2.2. Verb-initial languages and head marking -- 3. The drift towards head marking in Nilotic -- 4. A Twilight Zone: The Nilotic-Surmic borderland -- 4.1. Areal adaptation at the Nilotic side of the border -- 4.2. Areal adaptation at the Surmic side of the border -- 5. Goddard's Law -- 6. A research program: Understanding the ``Bauplan'' of a language -- Abbreviations -- Notes -- References -- Agent phrases in Bantu passives -- 1. Passive constructions in Bantu languages -- 2. Construal of agent phrases in passive sentences -- 2.1. Comitative marking on agent phrases -- 2.2. Locative -- 2.3. Instrumental -- 2.4. Copulative -- 2.5. Without any morphological marking `sth. has been done (Ø) agent' -- 2.6. Combinations -- 3. The relationship between passive and agent marking -- 3.1. Diachronically independent developments in the domain of passives and agent expression -- 3.2. Synchronic variation of agent marking and areal features -- 3.3. The use of agents in non-passive sentences -- 4. Conclusion: Some general implications -- Notes -- References -- Grammaticalization of switch reference* -- 0. The aim of the paper.

0.1. Motivation for coreference and switch-reference coding -- 0.2. The hypothesis -- 1. The affirmative evidence -- 1.1. Coding switch-reference through nouns -- 1.2. Pronouns as switch-reference markers -- 2. Two sources of switch-reference markers -- 2.1. The reference coding system in Mina -- 2.2. Switch-reference coding in Mina -- 2.3. The source of the switch reference function of mbí -- 2.4. Potential sources of the independent pronoun mbí -- 3. Motivation for switch-reference coding: The negative evidence -- 4. Conclusions -- Note -- References -- Complex predicates based on generic auxiliaries as an areal feature in Northeast Africa* -- 1. The polyfunctionality pattern of an auxiliary -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. ``Descriptive compounds'' in Afar -- 1.3. Two major functional domains of the auxiliary -- 2. The linguistic nature of the Northeast African isogloss -- 2.1. Other affected languages and lineages -- 2.2. Defining the isogloss -- 2.3. The variation of the isogloss across the area and a historical scenario -- 3. Historical-geographical aspects of the isogloss -- Notes -- References -- The OHO Constraint -- 1. Higher pitch within words -- 2. Higher pitch within phrases -- 3. The OHO Constraint and NP word order -- 4. Is the OHO Constraint simply an areal phenomenon? -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- The word in Luganda -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background: Luganda morphology -- 3. Quantity as a criterion for word status -- 4. Tone as a criterion for the word -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Case in Africa -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. The notion categorial misbehavior -- 2. Data -- 2.1. Case on conjunctions -- 2.2. Case markings on verbs -- 2.3. An overview -- 3. Conclusions -- List of abbreviations -- Notes -- References -- The typology of relative clause formation in African languages* -- 1. Introduction.

2. Classification of cross-linguistic relativization strategies -- 3. The empirical aspect -- 4. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Appendix I: Sample of African Languages -- Appendix II: Database (African Languages) Subjects -- Deictic categories in particles and demonstratives in three Gur languages* -- 1. Deixis and semantic functions -- 1.1. The categories of the local deixis in particles and demonstratives -- 1.2. The categories of the temporal deixis in particles and demonstratives -- 1.3. Time deixis and calendar expressions -- 2. The syntactic properties of deictic particles and demonstratives -- 2.1. Deictic particles and subordination -- 2.2. Determining demonstratives and concord -- 2.3. Deixis and predicative function -- 3. Deixis and pragmatic functions -- 3.1. Deixis and reference -- 3.2. Recognitional use of temporal demonstratives -- 3.3. Discourse deixis -- 3.4. Deixis and focus -- 3.5. The social functions of the deixis -- Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- Note -- References -- Preprefix or not - that is the question -- 1. The structure of the noun class prefixes -- 2. Nominal structure of Kwangali -- 3. Noun modifiers -- 4. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Nonverbal and verbal negations in Kabyle (Berber) -- Introduction -- 1. Position of the problem -- 2. Nonverbal negation in Kabyle -- 3. Verbal negations -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Grammaticalization chains of the verb Kàre `to give' in Kabba -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Typological features of Kabba -- 1.2. Grammaticalization chains -- 2. The verb /kàr1'066/ `to give' -- 2.1. Initial /k-/ verbs -- 2.2. Conjugation of /kàr1'066/ `to give' -- 2.3. Syntax and semantics of /kàr1'066/ `to give' -- 3. /Kàr1'066/ as a dative case marker -- 3.1. /Kàr1'066/ as a benefactive -- 3.2. /kàr1'066/ as a recipient -- 4. /kàr1'066/ as a causative marker.

5. Tà kàre (tà) as purposive/resultative-causative(-complementizer) -- 5.1. /Tà kàr1'066/ as a purposive resultative/causative -- 5.2. /Tà kàre tà/ as purposive-causative-complementizer -- 6. /àr1'066/ and /à/ as discourse markers -- 6.1. /àr1'066/ as a sequential `thus', `so' -- 6.2. /à/ as a connective `and, `then' -- 7. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- Notes -- References -- Selectors in Cushitic* -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sentence type and focus -- 3. Subject and object marking -- 4. ``Case'' clitics, direction marking and tense/aspect marking -- 5. Summary and wider perspective -- Notes -- References -- How Bantu is Kiyansi?* -- Notes -- References -- Diathesis alternation in some Gur languages -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Change of valence without morphological marking -- 2.1. Non-flexible verbs -- 2.2. Flexible verbs -- 3. Change of valence by morphological marking -- 3.1. Eastern Oti-Volta languages -- 3.2. Kaansa -- 4. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- Notes -- References -- Structure and function of incorporation processes in compounding -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure of the compound -- 3. Semantic fields -- 3.1. Agentive nouns (Nomina agentis) -- 3.2. Instruments (Nomina instrumenti) -- 3.3. Places (Nomina loci) -- 3.4. Plant names and animal names -- 3.5. Contemptuous names -- 4. Semantic roles -- 4.1. Agent -- 4.2. Patient -- 4.3. Benefactive (Dative) -- 4.4. Locative (time) -- 4.5. Instrumental -- 4.6. Manner -- 4.7. Summary -- 5. Functions of incorporation processes -- 6. Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- Notes -- References -- Toward a typological perspective for Emai's BE constructions* -- Introduction -- 1. Emai's BE forms -- 2. Polar interrogatives for identification -- 3. Polar interrogatives for predication -- 4. Information interrogatives -- 4.1. Information Interrogatives for Identification.

4.2. Information interrogatives for predication.