Is Arsenic an Aphrodisiac? -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Medicinal Arsenic: Toxic Arsenic -- 1.1 The Element -- 1.2 Mineral Medicine -- 1.2.1 Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim, aka Paracelsus -- 1.3 Arsenic Eaters of Styria -- 1.4 Fowler's Solution -- 1.5 Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) -- 1.6 The Organoarsenicals -- 1.6.1 Robert Bunsen -- 1.6.2 Paul Ehrlich -- 1.6.3 The Golden Age of Organoarsenicals -- 1.6.4 African Sleeping Sickness -- 1.7 The Darker Side: Toxicity -- 1.8 Arsenicosis and Cancer -- 1.9 Biomarkers -- 1.9.1 Urine -- 1.9.2 Hair -- 1.9.3 Finger and Toe Nails -- 1.9.4 Saliva -- 1.10 Animal Models -- 1.11 Chelate Compounds and Chelating Agents -- 1.11.1 Chelation Therapy -- 1.12 Some Historical Connections -- 1.12.1 Charles Darwin -- 1.12.2 Karin Blixen aka Isak Dinesen -- 1.12.3 Alexander Borodin, Professional Organic Chemist and Amateur Composer -- References -- Chapter 2 Arsenic Where You Least Expect It -- 2.1 Animal Feed Additives -- 2.2 Heartworm -- 2.3 Pesticides and Herbicides -- 2.3.1 Lead and Calcium Arsenates -- 2.4 Arsenic Trioxide -- 2.4.1 The Black Death -- 2.5 Wood Preservation -- 2.5.1 Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) -- 2.5.2 Disposal of Treated Wood -- 2.5.3 Alternatives to CCA -- 2.6 Monomethylarsonic Acid and Dimethylarsinic Acid -- 2.6.1 Use in the USA -- 2.6.2 Canada -- 2.7 OBPA -- 2.8 Arsenic in Other Products and Processes -- 2.8.1 Ironite -- 2.8.2 Gallium Arsenide -- 2.8.3 Glass Making -- 2.8.4 Embalming -- 2.8.5 Taxidermy -- 2.8.6 Pigments -- 2.9 Some Historical Connections -- 2.9.1 Clare Boothe Luce -- 2.9.2 The Peale Family -- 2.9.3 King George III -- References -- Chapter 3 Arsine, Scheele's Green, Gosio Gas, and Beer -- 3.1 Arsine -- 3.2 Scheele's Green -- 3.3 Arsenical Wallpaper -- 3.3.1 Coal Tar Dyes and the Decline of Arsenical Colours -- 3.4 Medical Problems.

3.5 Wallpaper Dust or Gas? -- 3.6 Gosio Gas -- 3.7 The Regulation of Arsenic, the "Verdant Assassin" -- 3.8 Other Assassins -- 3.9 Frederick Challenger -- 3.10 The Toxicity of Gosio Gas -- 3.11 Sick-Building Syndrome? -- 3.12 The Manchester Beer Incident -- 3.13 An Historical Connection. William Morris -- References -- Chapter 4 Arsenophobia: A Connection between the Deaths of Infants and Napoleon I -- 4.1 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome -- 4.2 The Toxic-Gas Hypothesis -- 4.2.1 The Reaction -- 4.2.2 The Turner Commission -- 4.2.3 The Back-to-Sleep Campaign -- 4.3 The Limerick Report -- 4.3.1 Antimony Biomethylation -- 4.3.2 Report Summary -- 4.4 Dr. T. J. Sprott -- 4.4.1 Sheep Skins -- 4.5 Other Proponents of the Toxic-Gas Hypothesis -- 4.6 Toxicity and Related Considerations -- 4.7 The Death of Napoleon I of France -- 4.7.1 Was it the Arsenic in the Wallpaper? -- 4.7.2 The Autopsy -- 4.7.3 Arsenic Poisoning? -- 4.7.4 The "Real" Cause of Napoleon's Death -- 4.7.5 Who Did It? -- 4.8 Some Analytical and Chemical Problems -- 4.8.1 The Preservation of the Corpse -- 4.8.2 The Lethal Phase -- 4.8.3 The Hair Analysis -- 4.9 The Overall Picture -- 4.9.1 Sources of Arsenic -- 4.9.2 Wine and Water -- 4.9.3 Self-medication -- 4.9.4 Arsenical Smoke and Preservatives -- 4.9.5 Arsenical Straws -- 4.10 Medical Evidence -- References -- Chapter 5 Arsenic and Crime: The Law of Intended Consequences -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Ancient Times -- 5.3 European Excess: The Age of Arsenic -- 5.3.1 Italy of the Borgias and the Medicis -- 5.3.2 France: The Poisons Affair -- 5.4 Forensic Science -- 5.4.1 Mary Blandy -- 5.4.2 James Marsh -- 5.4.3 Marie Lafarge -- 5.4.4 The Arsenic Act of 1851 -- 5.4.5 Madeleine Smith -- 5.4.6 Thomas Smethurst -- 5.4.7 Florence Maybrick -- 5.4.8 Herbert Armstrong -- 5.4.9 Marie Besnard -- 5.5 Public Perceptions -- 5.5.1 Arsenic and Old Lace.

5.5.2 Crime Fiction -- 5.5.3 Portrait of a Poisoner -- 5.6 Some Serial Killers -- 5.6.1 Mary Ann Cotton, Britain's First Serial Killer -- 5.6.2 The Black Widows of Liverpool -- 5.6.3 Vera Renczi -- 5.6.4 Madame Popova -- 5.6.5 Johann Hoch -- 5.6.6 The Arsenic Gang -- 5.6.7 The Grandmothers of Nagyrev -- 5.6.8 Dr. Michael Swango -- 5.6.9 Donald Harvey -- 5.7 Delivery Systems -- 5.7.1 Food and Drink -- 5.7.2 The Poisoned Shirt -- 5.7.3 Application via a Prophylactic -- 5.7.4 The Poisoned Maiden -- 5.7.5 The Poisoned Ring -- 5.7.6 The Poisoned Candle -- 5.8 Public Arsenic Attacks -- 5.8.1 Japanese Curry -- 5.8.2 Campus Coffee -- 5.8.3 Church Picnic -- 5.9 Two Ongoing Cases -- 5.9.1 A Political Poisoning -- 5.9.2 Cynthia Sommer -- 5.10 Bezoars, Unicorns and Food Tasters -- 5.11 Some Historical Connections -- 5.11.1 Zachary Taylor -- 5.11.2 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart -- 5.11.3 Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky -- References -- Chapter 6 Arsenic at War: Mass Murder -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The First Chemical Weapons Conventions -- 6.3 World War I: The Gas War -- 6.3.1 Mustard Gas -- 6.3.2 Blue Cross -- 6.3.3 Arsenical Agents: The Second Generation -- 6.3.4 Tactics of Chemical Warfare -- 6.4 The US Enters the Fray -- 6.4.1 Lewisite -- 6.4.2 Phenarsazine Chloride -- 6.5 Arsenical Chemical-Warfare Agents -- 6.6 Casualties of the Chemical War -- 6.6.1 The Combatants -- 6.6.2 Civilian Casualties -- 6.7 The Aftermath -- 6.7.1 The Humane War? -- 6.7.2 Public Reaction -- 6.8 Living with Chemical Weapons -- 6.8.1 The Geneva Convention -- 6.8.2 The German Reaction -- 6.8.3 Spain in Morocco -- 6.8.4 Italy in Ethiopia (Abyssinia) -- 6.8.5 Japan in China -- 6.9 WWII - The Gas War That Never Happened -- 6.9.1 The Buildup in Europe -- 6.9.2 Russia -- 6.9.3 The United States -- 6.9.4 Canada -- 6.9.5 The European Experience -- 6.9.6 The War in the Pacific -- 6.10 Human Guinea Pigs.

6.10.1 The Allies -- 6.10.2 Japan and Germany -- 6.10.3 The Nuremberg Code of 1947 and its Aftermath -- 6.11 The Vietnam War -- 6.11.1 Agent Blue -- 6.11.2 Adamsite and Other Tear Gases -- 6.11.3 Health Effects -- 6.11.4 The Public Reaction -- 6.12 The Chemical Weapons Convention -- 6.13 The Cleanup -- 6.13.1 The Early Years -- 6.13.2 Post-WWII -- 6.13.3 Japan -- 6.13.4 Domestic Ocean Dumping -- 6.14 Disposal of Stockpiles -- 6.14.1 Russia -- 6.14.2 United States -- 6.15 Some Special Problems -- 6.15.1 Munster, Germany -- 6.15.2 Spring Valley, US -- 6.15.3 Bowes Moor, UK -- 6.15.4 China -- 6.15.5 Albania -- 6.15.6 Other Recent Deployments of Chemical Weapons -- 6.16 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Arsenic and the Environment -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Arsenic in the Atmosphere -- 7.1.2 Arsenic in the Pedosphere -- 7.1.3 Arsenic in the Hydrosphere -- 7.2 Arsenic in the Biosphere -- 7.2.1 Arsenic in Seafood -- 7.2.2 Analysis of Arsenic Species (Speciation) in Living Organisms -- 7.2.3 Distribution of Arsenic Species in the Living Environment -- 7.2.4 Where do Arsenosugars and Arsenobetaine Come From? -- 7.2.5 Arsenic Accumulators and Hyperaccumulators -- 7.3 Arsenic in Our Food and Water -- 7.3.1 Essentiality -- 7.3.2 Arsenic Market Baskets -- 7.3.3 The Effect of Cooking -- 7.3.4 More on Rice -- 7.3.5 Hijiki and Other Algal Products -- 7.3.6 Bottled Water -- 7.3.7 Metabolites -- 7.4 Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility -- 7.4.1 Sequential Selective Extraction (SSE) -- 7.4.2 Gastrointestinal Models -- 7.5 Arsenic in the Anthrosphere -- 7.5.1 Gold Prospecting -- 7.6 Arsenic Trioxide and the Giant Mine, Yellowknife NT, Canada -- 7.6.1 Giant Mine: An Underground Cleanup? -- 7.6.2 Giant Mine: Surface Cleanup -- 7.7 American Smelting and Refining Company. Asarco -- 7.7.1 The Everett and Tacoma Smelters.

7.7.2 The Globe Smelter: Some Unexpected Relief -- 7.8 A Transboundary Dispute: Teck Cominco vs. US EPA -- 7.9 More Woes -- 7.9.1 Some Other Surfaces Affected by Mining -- 7.9.2 Nickel Arsenide -- 7.10 Arsenic in Energy Sources -- 7.10.1 Coal -- 7.10.2 Arsenical Peppers -- 7.10.3 The Oil Sands of Alberta -- 7.10.4 The Sydney Tar Ponds: Arsenic as an Environmental Hammer -- 7.10.5 Cleaning Up -- 7.10.6 Monitored Natural Attenuation -- 7.11 Microbes and Arsenic -- 7.11.1 More - but very Small - Arsenic Eaters -- References -- Chapter 8 Accidental Exposure to Arsenic: The Law of Unintended Consequences -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 West Bengal and Bangladesh: The Devil's Water -- 8.2.1 The Green Revolution -- 8.2.2 Bangladesh -- 8.2.3 The Affected -- 8.2.4 Where does the Bangladesh Arsenic Come From? -- 8.3 Professor Dipankar Chakraborti -- 8.3.1 Field Testing Kits -- 8.4 Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh -- 8.4.1 Dhaka, Bangladesh, January 2002 -- 8.4.2 Arsenic-Mitigation Technologies -- 8.4.3 Verification of Mitigation Technologies -- 8.4.4 The Grainger Challenge Prize -- 8.4.5 Nanoparticles -- 8.4.6 Other Arsenic-Mitigation Methods -- 8.5 Where Are We Now? -- 8.5.1 Treatment Options for the Afflicted -- 8.5.2 Arsenic Mitigation -- 8.6 Taiwan -- 8.6.1 Southwestern Taiwan -- 8.6.2 Northern Taiwan -- 8.7 Vietnam and Elsewhere in the East -- 8.7.1 Vietnam -- 8.7.2 Nepal -- 8.7.3 China and Japan -- 8.8 South America -- 8.8.1 Argentina -- 8.8.2 Chile -- 8.9 Africa -- 8.10 Europe -- 8.11 North America -- 8.11.1 Mexico -- 8.11.2 The US Standard for Drinking Water -- 8.11.3 Setting the US MCL -- 8.11.4 Cost/Benefit Analysis -- 8.11.5 The MCL Revisited -- 8.11.6 Fallon, Churchill County, Nevada -- 8.12 Other Small Systems -- 8.13 The Canadian Maximum Acceptable Concentration (MAC) -- 8.14 The Opportunists Knock -- 8.15 Epilogue -- References -- Subject Index.