Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Business Groups and Economic Development -- Part One. Chinese Business Networks: A Comparative View -- Introduction -- A. General Perspectives -- Chinese Entrepreneurs and Business Trust -- Types of Trust -- System Trust -- Personal Trust -- Confucianism and Modernization -- References -- Weak Organizations and Strong Linkages: Managerial Ideology and Chinese Family Business Networks -- Cultural Influences -- The Effect of Managerial Ideology -- Strategic Patterns -- Hong Kong and Taiwan Business Strategies -- Explaining the Network Strength -- The Larger Context of Efficiency -- Conclusion -- References -- The Organizational Foundations of Western and Chinese Commerce: A Historical and Comparative Analysis -- Changes in Western Commercial Organization -- Changes in Chinese Economic Organization -- Regional Relationships and Family Firms in the Conduct of Modern Chinese Business -- References -- B. Chinese Business Networks in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore -- "Personal Trust" in the Large Businesses in Taiwan: A Traditional Foundation for Contemporary Economic Activities -- Introduction -- Personal Trust in Business Organization -- Personal Trust in its Institutional Context -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- The Role of Personal Networks in the Making of Taiwan's Guanxiqiye (Related Enterprises) -- Introduction -- Networks of Joint Investments: The Case of the Tainanbang -- Political Connections -- Networks of Inheritance -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Business Groups in a Dynamic Environment: Hong Kong 1976-1986 -- Theoretical Framework -- An Integrated Model -- Hong Kong Business Groups -- Conclusion -- Appendix One: A Brief Description of Business Groups in 1976 -- Appendix Two: A Brief Description of Business Groups in 1981.

Appendix Three: A Brief Description of Business Groups in 1986 -- References -- Ethnicity, Polity, and Economy: A Case Study of the Mandarin Trade and the Chinese Connection -- Introduction -- Mandarin Oranges and Mandarin Trade -- The NEP and Chinese Businessmen in Malaysia -- Encouraging Direct Trade with China -- The 1985 Mandarin Orange Incident -- Ethnic Connection and State Intervention -- Conclusion and Discussion -- References -- Centripetal Authority, Differentiated Networks: The Social Organization of Chinese Firms in Singapore -- Introduction -- Organization of a Chinese Family Firm -- Stages in the Development of a Chinese Family Firm -- Conclusion -- References -- State Capitalism, Multinational Corporations, and Chinese Entrepreneurship in Singapore -- Introduction: The Retreat of Chinese Entrepreneurship in the Post Colonial Era -- Economic Effects of State Capitalism and MNCs on Chinese Entrepreneurship in the Product Market -- Economic Effects of State Capitalism and MNCs on Chinese Entrepreneurship in the Savings Investment Process -- Economic Effects of State Capitalism and MNCs on Chinese Entrepreneurship in the Labor Market -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part Two. Business Networks in Japan and South Korea -- Introduction -- A. Japanese Business Networks -- Intercorporate Relations in Japan -- Trade Relations between Corporations -- Capital Relations between Corporations -- Principle of Intercorporate Relations -- References -- Types and Characteristics of Interlocking Directorates in Japan -- Introduction -- Types of Interlocking Directorates -- Reconstitution of Broken Ties -- Conclusion -- References -- Practical and Theoretical Aspects of Japanese Business Networks -- Current Assessment of Japanese Business Networks -- Japanese Business Networks as Gravitational Fields -- Current Theories of Business Networks.

Japanese Practice and Network Theory -- References -- B. South Korean Business Networks -- The Industrial Organization and Growth of the Korean Chaebol: Integrating Development and Organizational Theories -- Introduction -- Theories of Economic Development and Organization -- The Industrial Organization of the Chaebol -- The Emergence of the Chaebol -- The Growth of the Chaebol -- Conclusion -- References -- Industrial Policy and Organizational Efficiency: The Korean Chaebol Examined -- Introduction -- Chaebol Diversification -- Business Group Concentration in the Korean Economy -- Test for Organizational Efficiency -- The Chaebol and Government Credit-Rationing Policies -- Conclusion -- References -- Part Three. Conclusion -- The Theoretical Significance of Asian Business Networks -- Networks as an Institutional Medium of Economic Activity -- The Sociological Characteristics of Asian Networks -- Relational Norms and the Reproduction of Network Structures -- Conclusion -- References -- Glossary of Chinese Terms -- List of Contributors.