Front Cover -- Adsorption by Carbons -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part 1 Introduction -- Chapter 1 Overview of Physical Adsorption by Carbons -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Physisorption on Nonporous Carbons -- 1.3 Physisorption by Porous Carbons -- 1.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2 Overview of Carbon Materials in Relation to Adsorption -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Structures of Elemental Carbon: Carbon Allotropes and Polytypes -- 2.3 The sp2 Carbon Forms: Graphitic, Graphitizable, and Nongraphitizable Carbons -- 2.4 Structural Characterization of Carbon Materials: The Basic Structural Units and Their Stacking and Orientation Degrees -- 2.4.1 Planar Orientation -- 2.4.2 Axial Orientation -- 2.4.3 Point Orientation -- 2.4.4 Random Orientation -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 2 Fundamentals of Adsorption by Carbons -- Chapter 3 Energetics of Gas Adsorption by Carbons: Thermodynamic Quantities -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Classical Thermodynamics -- 3.3 Statistical Mechanics -- 3.4 Thermodynamic Quantities and Experimental Results -- 3.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 4 Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Overview of Computer Simulations -- 4.2.1 Selecting the Model -- 4.2.2 Initialization -- 4.2.3 Generating Configurations -- 4.2.4 Determining Properties from Configurations -- 4.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 Models of Porous Carbons -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Experimental Probes -- 5.3 Molecular Models of Carbons -- 5.3.1 Regular Porous Carbons -- 5.3.2 Disordered Porous Carbons: Simple Geometric Models -- 5.3.3 Disordered Carbons: More Realistic Models -- 5.4 Adsorption, Diffusion, Reaction -- 5.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 The Reasons Behind Adsorption Hysteresis.

6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Capillary Condensation Hysteresis and the Kelvin Equation -- 6.3 Hysteresis and Adsorption-Induced Strain of Adsorbents -- 6.4 Low-Pressure Hysteresis -- 6.5 Pore Network and Interconnectivity -- 6.6 Some Peculiarities of the Adsorption Hysteresis for Carbonaceous Adsorbents -- References -- Chapter 7 The Surface Heterogeneity of Carbon and Its Assessment -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 The Adsorptive Potential -- 7.1.2 Thermodynamic Meaning of the Adsorption Potential -- 7.2 Theoretical Background -- 7.2.1 The Integral Equation of Adsorption -- 7.2.2 Solving and Using the Integral Equation of Adsorption -- 7.3 The Application of Density Functional Theory -- 7.3.1 The Deconvolution Method -- 7.4 Results for "Nonporous" Carbons -- 7.4.1 Synthetic Graphitic Carbons -- 7.4.2 Natural Graphites -- 7.4.3 Carbon Blacks -- 7.5 Activated Carbons -- 7.5.1 Assumed Structure -- 7.5.2 Example Applications of the Simple Model -- 7.5.3 Advanced Activated Carbon Models -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Wetting Phenomena -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Wetting on Carbon -- 8.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Adsorbed Gases in Bundles of Carbon Nanotubes: Theory and Simulation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Endohedral Adsorption -- 9.2.1 General Remarks -- 9.2.2 Axial-Phase Transition -- 9.2.3 Other Endohedral Transitions -- 9.3 Adsorption in Interstitial Channels -- 9.4 External Surface -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 Energetic Topography Effects -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Adsorptive Energy Surface -- 10.3 Generalized Gaussian Model -- 10.4 Simulations on Ideal Heterogeneous Systems -- 10.5 Comparison Test for the GGM -- 10.6 Bivariate Model and Simulation Method -- 10.7 Adsorption Results -- 10.7.1 Repulsive Interactions -- 10.7.2 Attractive Interactions -- 10.8 Scaling Behavior and Temperature Dependence.

10.9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 3 Adsorption for Characterization of Carbon Materials -- Chapter 11 Porous Texture Characterization from Gas-Solid Adsorption -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Carbon Structure -- 11.2 Potential Models -- 11.2.1 Fluid-Fluid Potential Models -- 11.2.2 Solid-Fluid Potential Energy -- 11.3 Classical Methods for Pore Characterization -- 11.3.1 Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda Method -- 11.3.2 Broekhoff-de Boer Method -- 11.3.3 Dubinin Methods -- 11.3.4 Horvath-Kawazoe Method and its Modifications -- 11.3.5 Enhanced Potential Method of Do and Coworkers -- 11.4 Density Functional Theory -- 11.4.1 Introduction of DFT -- 11.4.2 DFT Applications to Pores (Slit and Cylinder) -- 11.5 Monte Carlo Simulations -- 11.5.1 Ensembles Used in Simulations of Adsorption -- 11.5.2 Monte Carlo Simulation for Slit Pores -- 11.5.3 Monte Carlo Simulation for Cylindrical Pores -- 11.6 Additional Features -- 11.6.1 Energetic Heterogeneity -- 11.6.2 Pore Shape, Length, and Connectivity -- 11.6.3 Numerical Inversion for Determining PSD -- 11.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 12 Porous Texture and Surface Characterization from Liquid-Solid Interactions: Immersion Calorimetry and Adsorption from Solution -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Immersion Calorimetry of Carbons into Pure Liquids -- 12.2.1 Experimental -- 12.2.2 Thermodynamics of Immersion -- 12.2.3 Applications -- 12.3 Characterization of Carbons by Adsorption from Solution -- 12.3.1 Thermodynamics -- 12.3.2 Applications -- References -- Chapter 13 Surface Chemical Characterization of Carbons from Adsorption Studies -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Hydrophilic Carbon Surfaces -- 13.3 Surface Oxides of Carbon -- 13.3.1 Generation of Surface Oxides -- 13.3.2 Functional Carbon Groups -- 13.4 Amphoteric Character of Carbons -- 13.4.1 Adsorption of Bases.

13.4.2 Adsorption of Acids -- 13.5 Electrokinetic Phenomena -- 13.6 Effects on the Adsorption of Inorganic ions -- References -- Chapter 14 Adsorption on Fullerenes -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Adsorption for Porosity Characterization -- 14.3 Adsorption in the Study of Surface Energetics: Nonreactive Permanent Gases -- 14.4 Adsorption of Organic Gases and Vapors -- 14.5 Oxygen Adsorption -- 14.6 Adsorption Studies using IR Spectroscopy -- 14.7 Hydrogen Adsorption: Gas Storage -- 14.8 Adsorption from Solution: Environmental Applications -- 14.9 Adsorption from Solution: Analytical Applications -- 14.10 Adsorption from Solution: Colloidal and Biological Systems -- 14.11 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 15 Hydrogen Adsorption in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Experiment, Simulation, and Theory of Hydrogen Storage -- 15.2.1 Modeling of Physisorption with Classical Potentials -- 15.2.2 Ab Initio Modeling of Physisorption -- 15.2.3 Ab Initio Modeling of Chemisorption -- 15.3 Quantum Sieving -- 15.4 Phase Transition Phenomena -- 15.5 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 16 Adsorption on Carbon Nanotubes: Experimental Results -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Hydrogen Storage -- 16.3 Adsorption of Rare Gases and Simple Molecular Species -- 16.3.1 Methane -- 16.3.2 Argon -- 16.3.3 Helium -- 16.3.4 Hydrogen -- 16.3.5 Xenon -- 16.3.6 Neon -- 16.3.7 Tetrafluoromethane -- 16.3.8 Nitrogen -- 16.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 17 Adsorption on Activated Carbon Fibers -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Preparation of ACFs -- 17.3 Characterization of ACFs -- 17.3.1 Adsorption on the ACF and Its Usefulness to Understand Micropore Characterization -- 17.3.2 Understanding the Activation-Pore Structure Relationship of ACFs: Effect of Activating Agent and Burn-Off Degree.

17.4 Some Examples of ACF Applications -- 17.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 18 Adsorption on Ordered Porous Carbons -- 18.1 Ordered Porous Carbons -- 18.1.1 Synthesis of Ordered Porous Carbons -- 18.1.2 Applications of Ordered Porous Carbons -- 18.2 Characterization of Ordered Porous Carbon by Gas Adsorption -- 18.2.1 General Features of the Nitrogen Adsorption Isotherms -- 18.2.2 Determination of the Pore Size Distribution -- 18.2.3 Adsorption Potential Distribution -- 18.2.4 Verification of the Presence of Micropores by the α-plot Method -- 18.2.5 Determination of the Specific Surface Area -- 18.3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 19 Electrochemical Behavior of Carbon Materials -- 19.1 A Brief Summary of Electrochemical Concepts -- 19.1.1 The Electrochemical Interface -- 19.1.2 Adsorption at Electrodes -- 19.1.3 Relevant Kinetic Parameters -- 19.2 Thermodynamic Data for Carbon Electrodes -- 19.3 Relevant Characteristics of Carbon Electrode Materials -- 19.3.1 Types of Carbons Used in Electrochemistry -- 19.3.2 Structural Aspects -- 19.3.3 Surface Free Radical States -- 19.3.4 Double-layer Properties -- 19.3.5 Roughness Factor -- 19.3.6 Fractality -- 19.3.7 Intercalation of Ions in Graphite -- 19.4 Chemically Modified Electrodes and Supramolecular Configurations -- 19.5 Electrochemical Kinetics on Carbon Electrodes in Aqueous Solutions -- 19.5.1 Direct Electrode Processes -- 19.5.2 Oxygen Electroreduction on Carbon Electrodes -- 19.5.3 Oxygen Reduction on Macrocyclic Transition Metal Complexes on Graphite and Carbon Surfaces -- 19.5.4 Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Chlorine Electrode Reactions -- 19.6 Organic Electrochemistry at Carbon Electrodes -- 19.7 Reactions on Biological Active Electrodes -- 19.8 Corrosion Processes -- 19.9 Carbon Electrodes in Molten Salts -- 19.9.1 Cryolite-Al2O3 Melts.

19.9.2 Halides-containing Melts.