Preface -- Acknowledgement -- Chapter 1 The Rules of Interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Consequences of Interpretation -- 3. General Principles - The Golder Case -- 4. Supplementary Means -- 5. International Law -- 6. Municipal Laws and Practices -- 7. Dynamic Approach -- 8. Court Followed the Commission -- 9. Main Considerations -- Chapter 2 The Concept of "Continuing" Violations of Human Rights -- 1. Their Significance -- 2. Instantaneous Acts and Continuing Violations -- 3. Composite and Complex Acts -- 4. Instantaneous Acts with Continuing Injurious Effects -- 5. The Case-law Distinction -- 6. The De Becker Case -- 7. Contradictory Solutions -- 8. Interference with Property -- 9. The Involvement of the State -- 10. The Test -- 11. Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 3 The Rule of Law and Human Rights with Special Reference to the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Dicey's Views -- 3. Human Rights -- 4. The Case-law of the ECHR -- 4.1 Principle of Interpretation -- 4.2 Judicial Control and Quality of Law -- 4.3 Democracy and Legal Security -- 4.4 Discretionary Powers -- 4.5 Onerous and Retrospective Legislation -- 4.6 Deprivation of Liberty -- 4.7 Freedom of Speech -- 4.8 Presumption of Innocence -- 4.9 Torture or Inhuman Treatment -- 4.10 Fair Trial -- 4.11 Equality -- 4.12 The Dominant Role of the Rule of Law -- 4.13 Unsatisfactory Jurisprudence -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 4 The Prohibition of Discrimination under Protocol 12 of the European Convention on Human Rights -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Article 14 -- 3. A New Protocol -- 4. Reverse Discrimination -- 5. The Scope of the Protection -- 6. Jurisprudence in Respect of Article 14 -- 7. Discrimination and Degrading Treatment -- 8. Positive Obligations -- 9. By any Public Authority on any Ground.

10. Selective Justice -- 11. Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 5 Determining the Extra-territorial Effect of the European Convention: Facts, Jurisprudence and the Banković Case -- 1. The Banković Case -- 2. Criticism of the Decision -- 3. The Rules of Interpretation - Object and Purpose -- 4. Subsequent Practice -- 5. Travaux Préparatoires -- 6. The European Legal Space -- 7. "Within Their Jurisdiction": Within Their Authority -- 8. A Break in a Substantial Line of Jurisprudence -- 9. My Separate or Dissenting Opinions -- 10. The Ilaşcu Case -- 11. The Supporters of the Decision -- Chapter 6 The European Convention on Human Rights and the Rights of Persons with Disabilities -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Article 3 - Prohibition of Torture -- 3. Article 5 - Right to Liberty and Security -- 4. Article 6 - Right to a Fair Trial -- 5. Article 8 - Right to Respect for Private and Family Life -- 6. Article 1 of Protocol no. 1 - Protection of Property -- 7. Article 2 of Protocol no. 1 - Right to Education -- 8. Article 14 - Prohibition of Discrimination -- 9. Specific Problems within the Financial Capacity of the State -- 10. Employment of Disabled Persons -- 11. Epilogue -- Chapter 7 The Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in the Case of Cyprus v. Turkey -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Grave Violations -- 3. Background to the Case -- 4. Continuation of Violations -- 5. Turkish Cypriots and the Gypsy Community -- 6. Establishment of the Facts -- 7. Preliminary Rulings -- 8. Dissenting Opinions -- 8.1 Individual Opinions -- 8.2 Joint Opinions - The "TRNC" Judicial Remedies -- 8.2.1 The majority -- 8.2.2 The joint dissenting opinion -- 9. Conclusion -- Chapter 8 The Protection of the Right to Property in Occupied Territories -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Hague Regulations: General Principles of International Law -- 3. The European Convention on Human Rights.

4. Case-law under the European Convention -- 5. Expropriations Contrary to Jus Cogens -- 6. The Position of Third Parties -- 7. The Breaches of the Principles -- 8. Case-law Regarding the Expropriation in the Occupied Zone of Germany -- 9. Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 9 Freedom of Expression and the Right to Reputation -- 1. The Approach of the US Supreme Court -- 2. Criticism of the Case-law -- 3. The Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights -- 4. The Right to Reputation as a Human Right -- 5. Over-protection of the Freedom of Expression -- 6. The Contrary View -- 7. Active Involvement in a Public Discussion -- 8. Adverse Consequences of Over-protection -- 9. Conclusion -- Chapter 10 Environmental Protection through the Jurisprudence of the European Convention on Human Rights -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Individual Rights -- 2.1 The Requirement of Being a "Victim" -- 2.2 The Development of the Case-law (Noise, Smoke, Household Waste, and Other Pollution) -- 2.3 Access to Information about Environmental Hazards -- 3. Restrictions on Rights -- 4. Fair Balance and Margin of Appreciation -- 5. Competing Jurisdictions -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 11 Questions of Fair Trial under the European Convention on Human Rights -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Civil Rights and Obligations -- 3. The Extent of the Right to a Fair Hearing -- 3.1 Unfair Judgments -- 3.2 Evidence -- 3.3 Illegally Obtained Evidence -- 3.4 Reasoning of Judgments -- 3.5 Equality of Arms -- 4. The Problem of Publicity -- 5. Access to a Court and Immunities -- 6. Established by Law -- 7. Impartiality and Appearances -- 8. Public Pronouncement of Judgments -- 9. Waiver of the Guarantees -- 10. Concluding Comment -- Chapter 12 The Right of Access to a Court and the Doctrine of Political Acts -- 1. The Issue -- 2. The Doctrine in National Systems -- 3. Absence of Definition.

4. Control of Legality -- 5. The Doctrine in Various Countries -- 6. Tendency to Extend Judicial Review -- 7. Absolute Immunity -- 8. Criticism of the Doctrine -- 9. The Ban Becoming Less Absolute -- 10. Policy Choices -- 11. Consequences of Political Acts -- 12. Political Acts and the Right of Access to a Court -- 13. The Distinction between Procedural Bar and Delimitation of a Right -- 14. The Osman Test in the Case of Political Acts -- 15. The Case of Marković v. Italy -- 15.1 The Submissions of the Parties -- 15.2 The Finding of the Court -- 15.3 Criticism of the Judgment -- 16. Concluding Remarks of General Application in the Light of the Marković Case -- Chapter 13 The Right of Return -- 1. Introduction -- 2. International Law and the UN Security Council -- 3. Pretexts for Impediments to the Return of the Displaced -- 4. Exchange of Populations -- 5. The European Convention on Human Rights -- 5.1 The Case of Cyprus v. Turkey -- 5.2 The Case of Doğan and Others v. Turkey -- 5.3 The Xenides-Arestis v. Turkey case -- 5.3.1 The judgment -- 5.3.2 Legal deviation -- 5.3.3 Serious obstruction to the right of return -- 5.4 Radanović v. Croatia -- 6. Increase in the Efforts for an Effective Protection of Displaced Persons -- 7. The Pinheiro Principles -- 7.1 The Protection of Displaced Persons -- 7.2 Secondary Occupants -- 7.3 The Legal Status of the Principles -- 8. Does the Passage of Time Destroy the Right? -- 9. Conclusion -- Permissions -- Index.