Seeing through Multilingual Corpora -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of figures -- List of tables -- List of abbreviations -- The case for corpora in contrastive studies -- 1.1. Seeing through corpora -- 1.2. Contrastive analysis -- 1.3. The problem of equivalence -- 1.4. Translation studies -- 1.5. A corpus-based approach -- 1.6. Translation corpora vs. comparable corpora -- 1.7. Correspondence vs. equivalence -- 1.8. Structure vs. use -- 1.9. Uses of multilingual corpora -- 1.10. A note on examples and references -- Building a multilingual corpus -- 2.1. Corpus models -- 2.1.1. Translation corpora -- 2.1.2. Comparable corpora -- 2.2. Building the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus -- 2.2.1. The ENPC model -- 2.2.2. Text selection -- 2.2.3. Text encoding -- 2.2.4. Alignment -- 2.2.5. Tagging -- 2.2.6. Search tools -- 2.3. The Oslo Multilingual Corpus -- 2.4. A parallel translation corpus -- 2.5. A multiple translation corpus -- 2.6. The choice of a corpus model -- Using multilingual corpora -- 3.1. Translation paradigms -- 3.2. Divergent correspondences -- 3.3. Zero correspondence -- 3.4. Mutual correspondence -- 3.5. Semantic reflections -- 3.6. Parallel translations -- 3.7. Translation effects -- 3.8. Combining comparable and translation corpora -- 3.9. Contrasting lexis -- 3.10. Contrasting syntax and discourse -- 3.11. Research questions -- 3.12. Linguistic interpretation -- Contrasting nouns -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Times of the day -- 4.2.1. English noon -- 4.2.2. Norwegian formiddag and ettermiddag -- 4.2.3. English night -- 4.2.4. Norwegian døgn -- 4.2.5. Summing up: Times of the day in translation -- 4.3. What do you have in mind? -- 4.3.1. Correspondences of mind -- 4.3.2. Summing up: Mind in a cross-linguistic perspective -- 4.4. What is a person?.

4.4.1. English correspondences of menneske -- 4.4.2. Person in English vs. Norwegian -- 4.4.3. Menneske vs. person -- 4.4.4. Summing up: Person in a cross-linguistic perspective -- 4.5. What is a thing? -- 4.5.1. Congruent correspondences -- 4.5.2. Divergent correspondences -- 4.5.3. Summing up: Thing in a cross-linguistic perspective -- 4.6. Is that a fact? -- 4.6.1. The fact + that-clause -- 4.6.2. In fact -- 4.6.3. Summing up: Fact in a cross-linguistic perspective -- 4.7. Summing up: Contrasting nouns -- Loving and hating in English and Norwegian -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Overall distribution -- 5.3. Overall translation patterns -- 5.4. Translations of E hate -- 5.4.1. Complement clauses -- 5.4.2. Other non-personal objects -- 5.4.3. Personal objects -- 5.5. Translations of E love -- 5.5.1. Complement clauses -- 5.5.2. Other non-personal objects -- 5.5.3. Personal objects -- 5.6. Summing up: Loving and hating in cross-linguistic perspective -- Translations of love -- Translations of hate -- Spending time in English, Norwegian, and German -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Overview of results -- 6.3. Congruent translations -- 6.4. Restructuring -- 6.5. Distribution in original and translated texts -- 6.6. A note on sources of spend -- 6.7. Summing up: Spend a cross-linguistic perspective -- The English verb seem and its correspondences in Norwegian -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Some characteristics of seem -- 7.3. Material: Overall distribution -- 7.4. Overview of correspondences -- 7.5. Types of divergent correspondences -- 7.6. A closer look at some types of correspondences -- 7.6.1. Lexical verbs and their patterns -- 7.6.2. Modal particles -- 7.6.3. Zero correspondence -- 7.7. Conclusion -- Some aspects of usuality in English and Norwegian* -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Material and method.

8.3. The det+hende construction and its correspondences in English -- 8.3.1. Frequency adverbial -- 8.3.2. Frequency adverbial + modal auxiliary -- 8.3.3. Modal auxiliary -- 8.3.4. Lexical verb -- 8.3.5. Other correspondences -- 8.3.6. The det+hende construction: Summing up -- 8.3.7. A note on det+hende constructions expanded by modal auxiliaries -- 8.4. The it+happen construction and its correspondences in Norwegian -- 8.5. Uses of the it+happen construction -- 8.6. Interpretation -- 8.6.1. Contrasting English and Norwegian -- 8.6.2. The function of hende/happen constructions -- 8.7. Conclusion -- In search of the missing not -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Overall frequencies of ikke and not -- 9.3. English correspondences of Norwegian ikke -- 9.3.1. No-negation -- 9.3.2. Affixal negation -- 9.3.3. Other correspondences -- 9.4. Norwegian correspondences of English not -- 9.4.1. Synthetic negation -- 9.4.2. Affixal negation -- 9.4.3. Other correspondences -- 9.5. Why not not? -- The generic person in English, German, and Norwegian -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Material and method -- 10.3. Overview -- 10.3.1. Syntax -- 10.3.2. Overall distribution: English one, German and Norwegian man -- 10.4. English one and its correspondences in German and Norwegian -- 10.5. English sources of Norwegian man -- 10.6. English sources of German man -- 10.7. Norwegian parallels to German man -- 10.8. Summing up the differences -- 10.9. German man + sehen -- 10.9.1. Generic senser subject -- 10.9.2. Specific senser subject -- 10.9.3. Phenomenon as subject -- 10.9.4. Dummy subject -- 10.9.5. No subject -- 10.9.6. Nominal -- 10.9.7. No perception process -- 10.9.8. Correspondences of man in combination with hören -- 10.9.9. German man + sehen: Discussion -- 10.10. A comparison with Swedish -- Why change the subject? -- 11.1. Aim -- 11.2. The multiple-translation project.

11.3. Research questions -- 11.4. Characteristics of the subject -- 11.5. Overview of findings -- 11.6. What sorts of subjects are replaced? -- 11.7. Where do the new subjects come from? -- 11.8. Discussion of changes -- 11.8.1. Changes triggered by lexis -- 11.8.2. Nominalizations in subject position -- 11.8.3. Insertion of dummy det -- 11.8.4. Changes in voice -- 11.8.5. Subject selection and cohesion -- 11.9. Individual variation -- 11.10. Concluding remarks -- Appendix: English original texts -- Sentence openings in English and Norwegian -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Some recent corpus-based work on sentence openings -- 12.2.1. Hasselgård's studies of thematic choice -- 12.2.2. Altenberg's work on competition for first position -- 12.2.3. Translation effects -- 12.3. Sentence openings: The multiple-translation project -- 12.3.1. Simple onsets -- 12.3.2. Multiple onsets -- 12.3.3. Preservation of initial elements in spite of syntactic restructuring -- 12.4. Sentence openings: Summing up -- 12.5. Presentative constructions -- 12.6. Clefting -- 12.6.1. Clefting in English and Norwegian -- 12.6.2. Clefting in English and Swedish -- 12.7. The that's what construction -- 12.7.1. Material -- 12.7.2. Correspondence relations -- 12.7.3. German and Norwegian translations -- 12.7.4. Sources and parallels -- 12.7.5. The that's what construction: Summing up -- 12.8. Initial det in Norwegian and its correspondences in English -- 12.8.1. The dummy subject det -- 12.8.2. Non-subject det in initial position -- 12.9. Summing up -- The semantics and pragmatics of the Norwegian concessive marker likevel -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Overview of the distribution of likevel -- 13.3. Correspondences and position -- 13.4. Discussion of correspondences -- 13.4.1. Local links -- 13.4.2. After all and likevel -- 13.4.3. Anyway: A universal concessive marker.

13.4.4. Contrastive correspondences -- 13.4.5. Zero correspondence -- 13.5. A comparison of translations and sources of likevel -- 13.6. Conclusion -- How well can well be translated? -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.2. Material and method -- 14.3. Well and its Norwegian correspondences -- 14.3.1. The discourse particle vel -- 14.3.2. The discourse particles nå and tja -- 14.3.3. The response particles ja and nei -- 14.3.4. Zero correspondence -- 14.3.5. Other correspondences -- 14.4. Some aspects of Norwegian and German correspondences -- 14.4.1. Zero correspondence -- 14.4.2. Individual variation -- 14.5. How well can well be translated? -- Problems and prospects -- 15.1. The status of multilingual corpus research -- 15.2. Corpus building -- 15.3. Analysis -- 15.4. Feedback to theory -- 15.5. Applications -- 15.5.1. Lexicography -- 15.5.2. Translator training -- 15.5.3. Foreign-language teaching -- 15.6. Future directions -- References -- Appendix -- A. The English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus: Fiction texts -- B. The English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus: Non-fiction texts -- C. The Oslo Multilingual Corpus: English-German-Norwegian texts (English originals) -- D. The Oslo Multilingual Corpus: German-English-Norwegian texts (German originals) -- E. The Oslo Multilingual Corpus: Norwegian-English-German texts (Norwegian originals) -- F. The Oslo Multilingual Corpus: Norwegian-English-German-French texts (Norwegian originals) -- Author index -- Subject index -- The series Studies in Corpus Linguistics.