Energy Savings : Energy Savings.
Başlık:
Energy Savings : Energy Savings.
Yazar:
Tsotsas, Evangelos.
ISBN:
9783527631698
Yazar Ek Girişi:
Basım Bilgisi:
1st ed.
Fiziksel Tanımlama:
1 online resource (378 pages)
Seri:
Modern Drying Technology Ser.
İçerik:
Modern Drying Technology: Energy Savings -- Contents -- Series Preface -- Preface of Volume 4 -- List of Contributors -- Recommended Notation -- EFCE Working Party on Drying -- Address List -- 1 Fundamentals of Energy Analysis of Dryers -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Energy in Industrial Drying -- 1.3 Fundamentals of Dryer Energy Usage -- 1.3.1 Evaporation Load -- 1.3.2 Dryer Energy Supply -- 1.3.3 Evaluation of Energy Inefficiencies and Losses: Example -- 1.3.3.1 Dryer Thermal Inefficiencies -- 1.3.3.2 Inefficiencies in the Utility (Heat Supply) System -- 1.3.3.3 Other Energy Demands -- 1.3.4 Energy Cost and Environmental Impact -- 1.3.4.1 Primary Energy Use -- 1.3.4.2 Energy Costs -- 1.3.4.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Footprint -- 1.4 Setting Targets for Energy Reduction -- 1.4.1 Energy Targets -- 1.4.2 Pinch Analysis -- 1.4.2.1 Basic Principles -- 1.4.2.2 Application of Pinch Analysis to Dryers -- 1.4.2.3 The Appropriate Placement Principle Applied to Dryers -- 1.4.2.4 Pinch Analysis and Utility Systems -- 1.4.3 Drying in the Context of the Overall Process -- 1.5 Classification of Energy Reduction Methods -- 1.5.1 Reducing the Heater Duty of a Convective Dryer -- 1.5.2 Direct Reduction of Dryer Heat Duty -- 1.5.2.1 Reducing the Inherent Heat Requirement for Drying -- 1.5.2.2 Altering Operating Conditions to Improve Dryer Efficiency -- 1.5.3 Heat Recovery and Heat Exchange -- 1.5.3.1 Heat Exchange Within the Dryer -- 1.5.3.2 Heat Exchange with Other Processes -- 1.5.4 Alternative Utility Supply Systems -- 1.5.4.1 Low Cost utilities -- 1.5.4.2 Improving Energy Supply System Efficiency -- 1.5.4.3 Combined Heat and Power -- 1.5.4.4 Heat Pumps -- 1.6 Case Study -- 1.6.1 Process Description and Dryer Options -- 1.6.2 Analysis of Dryer Energy Consumption -- 1.6.3 Utility Systems and CHP -- 1.7 Conclusions -- References.
2 Mechanical Solid-Liquid Separation Processes and Techniques -- 2.1 Introduction and Overview -- 2.2 Density Separation Processes -- 2.2.1 Froth Flotation -- 2.2.2 Sedimentation -- 2.3 Filtration -- 2.3.1 Cake Filtration -- 2.3.2 Sieving and Blocking Filtration -- 2.3.3 Crossflow Micro- and Ultra-Filtration -- 2.3.4 Depth and Precoat Filtration -- 2.4 Enhancement of Separation Processes by Additional Electric or Magnetic Forces -- 2.5 Mechanical/Thermal Hybrid Processes -- 2.6 Important Aspects of Efficient Solid-Liquid Separation Processes -- 2.6.1 Mode of Apparatus Operation -- 2.6.2 Combination of Separation Apparatuses -- 2.6.3 Suspension Pre-Treatment Methods to Improve Separation Conditions -- 2.7 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Energy Considerations in Osmotic Dehydration -- 3.1 Scope -- 3.2 Introduction -- 3.3 Mass Transfer Kinetics -- 3.3.1 Pretreatments -- 3.3.2 Product -- 3.3.3 Osmotic Solution -- 3.3.4 Treatment Conditions -- 3.4 Modeling of Osmotic Dehydration -- 3.5 Osmotic Dehydration - Two Major Issues -- 3.5.1 Quality Issues -- 3.5.2 Energy Issues -- 3.5.2.1 Osmo-Convective Drying -- 3.5.2.2 Osmo-Freeze Drying -- 3.5.2.3 Osmo-Microwave Drying -- 3.5.2.4 Osmotic-Vacuum Drying -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Heat Pump Assisted Drying Technology - Overview with Focus on Energy, Environment and Product Quality -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Heat Pump Drying System - Fundamentals -- 4.2.1 Heat Pump -- 4.2.2 Refrigerants -- 4.2.3 Heat Pump Dryer -- 4.2.4 Advantages and Limitations of the Heat Pump Dryer -- 4.3 Various Configurations/Layout of a HPD -- 4.4 Heat Pumps - Diverse Options and Advances -- 4.4.1 Multi-Stage Heat Pump -- 4.4.2 Cascade Heat Pump System -- 4.4.3 Use of Heat Pipe -- 4.4.4 Chemical Heat Pump (CHP) -- 4.4.5 Absorption Refrigeration Cycle -- 4.5 Miscellaneous Heat Pump Drying Systems.
4.5.1 Solar-Assisted Heat Pump Drying -- 4.5.2 Infrared-Assisted Heat Pump Dryer -- 4.5.3 Microwave-Assisted Heat Pump Drying -- 4.5.4 Time-Varying Drying Conditions and Multi-Mode Heat Pump Drying -- 4.5.5 Heat Pump Assisted Spray Drying -- 4.5.6 Modified Atmosphere Heat Pump Drying -- 4.5.7 Atmospheric Freeze Drying Using Heat Pump -- 4.6 Applications of Heat Pump Drying -- 4.6.1 Food and Agricultural Products -- 4.6.2 Drying of Wood/Timber -- 4.6.3 Drying of Pharmaceutical/Biological Products -- 4.7 Sizing of Heat Pump Dryer Components -- 4.8 Future Research and Development Needs in Heat Pump Drying -- References -- 5 Zeolites for Reducing Drying Energy Usage -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Zeolite as an Adsorption Material -- 5.2.1 Zeolite -- 5.2.2 Comparing the Main Sorption Properties of Zeolite with other Adsorbents -- 5.3 Using Zeolites in Drying Systems -- 5.3.1 Drying Systems -- 5.3.2 Direct Contact Drying -- 5.3.3 Air Dehumidification -- 5.4 Energy Efficiency and Heat Recovery -- 5.4.1 Defining Energy Efficiency -- 5.4.2 Energy Recovery for a Single-Stage System -- 5.4.3 Energy Recovery in a Multi-Stage System -- 5.4.4 Energy Recovery with Superheated Steam -- 5.5 Realization of Adsorption Dryer Systems -- 5.5.1 Adsorption Dryer Systems for Zeolite -- 5.5.2 Adsorption Wheel Versus Packed Bed -- 5.5.3 Zeolite Mechanical Strength -- 5.5.4 Long Term Capacity of Zeolite -- 5.5.5 Zeolite Adsorption Wheel -- 5.6 Cases -- 5.6.1 Zeolite-Assisted Drying in the Dairy Industry -- 5.6.2 Zeolite-Assisted Manure and Sludge Drying -- 5.6.3 Direct Contact Drying of Seeds with Zeolites -- 5.7 Economic Considerations -- 5.8 Perspectives -- References -- 6 Solar Drying -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Solar Radiation -- 6.3 Solar Air Heaters -- 6.4 Design and Function of Solar Dryers -- 6.4.1 Classification of Solar Dryers.
6.4.2 Solar Dryers with Natural Convection for Direct Solar Drying -- 6.4.3 Solar Dryers with Natural Convection for Indirect Drying -- 6.4.4 Solar Dryers with Forced Convection for Direct Drying -- 6.4.5 Solar Dryers with Forced Convection for Indirect Drying -- 6.4.6 Dryers with Roof-Integrated Solar Air Heaters -- 6.5 Solar Drying Kinetics -- 6.5.1 Empirical Drying Curves in Solar Drying -- 6.5.2 Equilibrium Model for Solar Drying Kinetics -- 6.6 Control Strategies for Solar Dryers -- 6.6.1 Airflow Management During the Night -- 6.6.2 Recirculation of Drying Air -- 6.6.3 Back-Up Heating Systems -- 6.7 Economic Feasibility of Solar Drying -- 6.7.1 Drying of Timber in Brazil -- 6.7.2 Drying of Tobacco in Brazil -- 6.8 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 7 Energy Issues of Drying and Heat Treatment for Solid Wood and Other Biomass Sources -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Wood and Biomass as a Source of Renewable Material and Energy -- 7.3 Energy Consumption and Energy Savings in the Drying of Solid Wood -- 7.3.1 Kiln-Drying of Solid Wood: A Real Challenge -- 7.3.2 The Conventional Drying of Wood -- 7.3.2.1 The Design of Conventional Kilns -- 7.3.2.2 Drying Time and Energy Efficiency -- 7.3.3 Theoretical Evaluation of the Kiln Efficiency -- 7.3.4 Two Case Studies of Kiln Efficiency -- 7.3.5 Rules for Saving Energy -- 7.3.5.1 Energy Savings in Conventional Kilns -- 7.3.5.2 Energy Saving by Alternative Technologies -- 7.4 Preconditioning of Biomass as a Source of Energy: Drying and Heat Treatment -- 7.4.1 Importance of Biomass Drying as a Preconditioning Step -- 7.4.1.1 Dryers for Biomass -- 7.4.1.2 Numerical Approach to the Continuous Drying ofWoody Biomass -- 7.4.2 Interest of Heat Treatment as a Preconditioning Step -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Efficient Sludge Thermal Processing: From Drying to Thermal Valorization.
8.1 Introduction to the Sludge Context -- 8.1.1 Origin, Production and Valorization Issues -- 8.1.2 Sludge: A Complex Material -- 8.1.3 Useful Properties for Energy Valorization -- 8.2 Sludge Drying Technologies -- 8.2.1 General Remarks -- 8.2.2 Convective Drying Methods and Dryer Types -- 8.2.3 Indirect Contact Drying Methods and Dryer Types -- 8.2.3.1 Rotor Design and Operation of the Drying Process -- 8.2.3.2 Drying Performances -- 8.2.4 Solar Drying and Dryer Types -- 8.2.5 Combined and Hybrid Drying -- 8.2.6 Sludge Frying, an Alternative to Conventional Drying -- 8.2.6.1 Heat and Mass Transfer During Fry-Drying -- 8.2.6.2 Energy and Environmental Aspects -- 8.2.7 Pathogen Reduction -- 8.3 Energy Efficiency of Sludge Drying Processes -- 8.3.1 Specific Heat Consumption of Sludge Dryers -- 8.3.2 Towards the Reduction of Energy Consumption Associated with Sludge Drying -- 8.3.3 Case Studies -- 8.4 Thermal Valorization of Sewage Sludge -- 8.4.1 General Description of the Thermal Processes Available for Sewage Sludge -- 8.4.2 Desired Water Content for Thermal Processes -- 8.4.3 Including a Drying Step Before Thermal Valorization -- 8.5 Energy Efficiency of Thermal Valorization Routes -- 8.5.1 Importance of Dryer Efficiency -- 8.5.2 Combining Sludge Drying and Thermal Valorization by Integrating on Site -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- Index.
Özet:
The five-volume series provides a comprehensive overview of all important aspects of drying technology like computational tools at different scales (Volume 1), modern experimental and analytical techniques (Volume 2), product quality and formulation (Volume 3), energy savings (Volume 4) and process intensification (Volume 5). Based on high-level cutting-edge results contributed by internationally recognized experts in the various treated fields, this book series is the ultimate reference in the area of industrial drying. Located at the intersection of the two main approaches in modern chemical engineering, product engineering and process systems engineering, the series aims at bringing theory into practice in order to improve the quality of high-value dried products, save energy, and cut the costs of drying processes. Volume 4 deals with the reduction of energy demand in various drying processes and areas, highlighting the following topics: Energy analysis of dryers, efficient solid-liquid separation techniques, osmotic dehydration, heat pump assisted drying, zeolite usage, solar drying, drying and heat treatment for solid wood and other biomass sources, and sludge thermal processing. Other Volumes and Sets: Volume 1 - Modern Drying Technology, Computational Tools at Different Scales Volume 1: Diverse model types for the drying of products and the design of drying processes (short-cut methods, homogenized, pore network, and continuous thermo-mechanical approaches) are treated, along with computational fluid dynamics, population balances, and process systems simulation tools. Emphasis is put on scale transitions. Volume 2 - Modern Drying Technology: Experimental Techniques Volume 2: Comprises experimental methods used in various industries and in research in order to design and control drying processes, measure moisture and moisture
distributions, characterize particulate material and the internal micro-structure of dried products, and investigate the behavior of particle systems in drying equipment. Key topics include acoustic levitation, near-infrared spectral imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray tomography, and positron emission tracking. Volume 3 - Modern Drying Technology: Product Quality and Formulation Volume 3: Discusses how desired properties of foods, biomaterials, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and fragile aerogels can be preserved during drying, and how spray drying and spray fluidized bed processes can be used for particle formation and formulation. Methods for monitoring product quality, such as process analytical technology, and modeling tools, such as Monte Carlo simulations, discrete particle modeling and neural networks, are presented with real examples from industry and academia. Volume 5 - Process Intensification Volume 5: Dedicated to process intensification by more efficient distribution and flow of the drying medium, foaming, controlled freezing, and the application of superheated steam, infrared radiation, microwaves, power ultrasound and pulsed electric fields. Process efficiency is treated in conjunction with the quality of sensitive products, such as foods, for a variety of hybrid and combined drying processes. Available in print as 5 Volume Set or as individual volumes. Buy the Set a.
Notlar:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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