ELECTRIC POWER PRINCIPLES -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Electric Power Systems -- 1.1 Electric Utility Systems -- 1.2 Energy and Power -- 1.2.1 Basics and Units -- 1.3 Sources of Electric Power -- 1.3.1 Heat Engines -- 1.3.2 Power Plants -- 1.3.3 Nuclear Power Plants -- 1.3.4 Hydroelectric Power -- 1.3.5 Wind Turbines -- 1.3.6 Solar Power Generation -- 1.4 Electric Power Plants and Generation -- 1.5 Problems -- 2 AC Voltage, Current and Power -- 2.1 Sources and Power -- 2.1.1 Voltage and Current Sources -- 2.1.2 Power -- 2.1.3 Sinusoidal Steady State -- 2.1.4 Phasor Notation -- 2.1.5 Real and Reactive Power -- 2.2 Resistors, Inductors and Capacitors -- 2.2.1 Reactive Power and Voltage -- 2.2.2 Reactive Power Voltage Support -- 2.3 Problems -- 3 Transmission Lines -- 3.1 Modeling: Telegrapher's Equations -- 3.1.1 Traveling Waves -- 3.1.2 Characteristic Impedance -- 3.1.3 Power -- 3.1.4 Line Terminations and Reflections -- 3.1.5 Sinusoidal Steady State -- 3.2 Problems -- 4 Polyphase Systems -- 4.0.1 Two-Phase Systems -- 4.1 Three-Phase Systems -- 4.2 Line-Line Voltages -- 4.2.1 Example: Wye and Delta Connected Loads -- 4.2.2 Example: Use of Wye-Delta for Unbalanced Loads -- 4.3 Problems -- 5 Electrical and Magnetic Circuits -- 5.1 Electric Circuits -- 5.1.1 Kirchoff 's Current Law (KCL) -- 5.1.2 Kirchoff 's Voltage Law (KVL) -- 5.1.3 Constitutive Relationship: Ohm's Law -- 5.2 Magnetic Circuit Analogies -- 5.2.1 Analogy to KCL -- 5.2.2 Analogy to KVL: Magnetomotive Force -- 5.2.3 Analogy to Ohm's Law: Reluctance -- 5.2.4 Simple Case -- 5.2.5 Flux Confinement -- 5.2.6 Example: C-Core -- 5.2.7 Example: Core with Different Gaps -- 5.3 Problems -- 6 Transformers -- 6.1 Single-phase Transformers -- 6.1.1 Ideal Transformer -- 6.1.2 Deviations from Ideal Transformer -- 6.2 Three-Phase Transformers -- 6.2.1 Example -- 6.3 Problems.

7 Polyphase Lines and Single-Phase Equivalents -- 7.1 Polyphase Transmission and Distribution Lines -- 7.1.1 Example -- 7.2 Introduction To Per-Unit Systems -- 7.2.1 Normalization Of Voltage and Current -- 7.2.2 Three-Phase Systems -- 7.2.3 Networks with Transformers -- 7.2.4 Transforming from one base to another -- 7.2.5 Example: Fault Study -- 7.3 Appendix: Inductances of Transmission Lines -- 7.3.1 Single Wire -- 7.3.2 Mutual Inductance -- 7.3.3 Bundles of Conductors -- 7.3.4 Transposed Lines -- 7.4 Problems -- 8 Electromagnetic Forces and Loss Mechanisms -- 8.1 Energy Conversion Process -- 8.1.1 Principle of Virtual Work -- 8.1.2 Coenergy -- 8.2 Continuum Energy Flow -- 8.2.1 Material Motion -- 8.2.2 Additional Issues in Energy Methods -- 8.2.3 Electric Machine Description -- 8.2.4 Field Description of Electromagnetic Force: The Maxwell Stress Tensor -- 8.2.5 Tying the MST and Poynting Approaches together -- 8.3 Surface Impedance of Uniform Conductors -- 8.3.1 Linear Case -- 8.3.2 Iron -- 8.3.3 Magnetization -- 8.3.4 Saturation and Hysteresis -- 8.3.5 Conduction, Eddy Currents and Laminations -- 8.3.6 Eddy Currents in Saturating Iron -- 8.4 Semi-Empirical Method of Handling Iron Loss -- 8.5 Problems -- 9 Synchronous Machines -- 9.1 Round Rotor Machines: Basics -- 9.1.1 Operation with a Balanced Current Source -- 9.1.2 Operation with a Voltage Source -- 9.2 Reconciliation of Models -- 9.2.1 Torque Angles -- 9.3 Per-Unit Systems -- 9.4 Normal Operation -- 9.4.1 Capability Diagram -- 9.4.2 Vee Curve -- 9.5 Salient Pole Machines: Two-Reaction Theory -- 9.6 Synchronous Machine Dynamics -- 9.7 Synchronous Machine Dynamic Model -- 9.7.1 Electromagnetic Model -- 9.7.2 Park's Equations -- 9.7.3 Power and Torque -- 9.7.4 Per-Unit Normalization -- 9.7.5 Equivalent Circuits -- 9.7.6 Transient Reactances and Time Constants -- 9.8 Statement of Simulation Model.

9.8.1 Example: Transient Stability -- 9.8.2 Equal Area Transient Stability Criterion -- 9.9 Appendix: Transient Stability Code -- 9.10 Appendix: Winding Inductance Calculation -- 9.10.1 Pitch Factor -- 9.10.2 Breadth Factor -- 9.11 Problems -- 10 System Analysis and Protection -- 10.1 The Symmetrical Component Transformation -- 10.2 Sequence Impedances -- 10.2.1 Balanced Transmission Lines -- 10.2.2 Balanced Load -- 10.2.3 Possibly Unbalanced Loads -- 10.2.4 Unbalanced Sources -- 10.2.5 Rotating Machines -- 10.2.6 Transformers -- 10.3 Fault Analysis -- 10.3.1 Single Line-neutral Fault -- 10.3.2 Double Line-neutral Fault -- 10.3.3 Line-Line Fault -- 10.3.4 Example of Fault Calculations -- 10.4 System Protection -- 10.4.1 Fuses -- 10.5 Switches -- 10.6 Coordination -- 10.6.1 Ground Overcurrent -- 10.7 Impedance Relays -- 10.7.1 Directional Elements -- 10.8 Differential Relays -- 10.8.1 Ground Fault Protection for Personnel -- 10.9 Zones of System Protection -- 10.10 Problems -- 11 Load Flow -- 11.1 Two Ports and Lines -- 11.1.1 Power Circles -- 11.2 Load Flow in a Network -- 11.3 Gauss-Seidel Iterative Technique -- 11.4 Bus Admittance -- 11.4.1 Bus Incidence -- 11.4.2 Alternative Assembly of Bus Admittance -- 11.5 Example: Simple Program -- 11.5.1 Example Network -- 11.6 MATLAB Script for the Load Flow Example -- 11.7 Problems -- 12 Power Electronics and Converters in Power Systems -- 12.1 Switching Devices -- 12.1.1 Diode -- 12.1.2 Thyristor -- 12.1.3 Bipolar Transistors -- 12.2 Rectifier Circuits -- 12.2.1 Full-Wave Rectifier -- 12.3 DC-DC Converters -- 12.3.1 Pulse Width Modulation -- 12.3.2 Boost Converter -- 12.4 Canonical Cell -- 12.4.1 Bidirectional Converter -- 12.4.2 H-Bridge -- 12.5 Three-Phase Bridge Circuits -- 12.5.1 Rectifier Operation -- 12.5.2 Phase Control -- 12.5.3 Commutation Overlap -- 12.5.4 AC Side Current Harmonics.

12.6 High-Voltage DC Transmission -- 12.7 Basic Operation of a Converter Bridge -- 12.7.1 Turn-On Switch -- 12.7.2 Inverter Terminal -- 12.8 Achieving High Voltage -- 12.9 Problems -- 13 Induction Machines -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Induction Machine Transformer Model -- 13.2.1 Operation: Energy Balance -- 13.2.2 Example of Operation -- 13.2.3 Motor Performance Requirements -- 13.3 Squirrel-Cage Machines -- 13.4 Single-Phase Induction Motors -- 13.4.1 Rotating Fields -- 13.4.2 Power Conversion in the Single-Phase Induction Machine -- 13.4.3 Starting of Single-Phase Induction Motors -- 13.4.4 Split Phase Operation -- 13.5 Induction Generators -- 13.6 Induction Motor Control -- 13.6.1 Volts/Hz Control -- 13.6.2 Field Oriented Control -- 13.6.3 Elementary Model -- 13.6.4 Simulation Model -- 13.6.5 Control Model -- 13.6.6 Field-Oriented Strategy -- 13.7 Doubly Fed Induction Machines -- 13.7.1 Steady State Operation -- 13.8 Appendix 1: Squirrel-Cage Machine Model -- 13.8.1 Rotor Currents and Induced Flux -- 13.8.2 Squirrel-Cage Currents -- 13.9 Appendix 2: Single-Phase Squirrel Cage Model -- 13.10 Appendix 3: Induction Machine Winding Schemes -- 13.10.1 Winding Factor for Concentric Windings -- 13.11 Problems -- 14 DC (Commutator) Machines -- 14.1 Geometry -- 14.2 Torque Production -- 14.3 Back Voltage -- 14.4 Operation -- 14.4.1 Shunt Operation -- 14.4.2 Separately Excited -- 14.4.3 Machine Capability -- 14.5 Series Connection -- 14.6 Universal Motors -- 14.7 Commutator -- 14.7.1 Commutation Interpoles -- 14.7.2 Compensation -- 14.8 Compound Wound DC Machines -- 14.9 Problems -- 15 Permanent Magnets in Electric Machines -- 15.1 Permanent Magnets -- 15.1.1 Permanent Magnets in Magnetic Circuits -- 15.1.2 Load Line Analysis -- 15.2 Commutator Machines -- 15.2.1 Voltage -- 15.2.2 Armature Resistance -- 15.3 Brushless PM Machines -- 15.4 Motor Morphologies.

15.4.1 Surface Magnet Machines -- 15.4.2 Interior Magnet, Flux Concentrating Machines -- 15.4.3 Operation -- 15.4.4 A Little Two-Reaction Theory -- 15.4.5 Finding Torque Capability -- 15.5 Problems -- Index.