Table of Contents -- Preface -- Conventions -- Abbreviations -- Timeline -- Maps and Illustrations -- Introduction -- Mongolia in Historical Context -- Japan and Mongolia in the Modern Period -- The Region of 'Man-Mo' -- Scholarly Context -- Argument, Sources and Approach -- 1 Soldiers, Adventurers and Educators: Meiji Encounters with Mongolia, 1873-1912 -- Fkushima Yasumasa and the Military Dimension of Japanese-Mongolian Relations -- Kawashima Naniwa: Man of Action -- Kawahara Misako: A Forgotten Hero -- Other Cultural Connections Between Japan and Mongolia -- Mongolia in Japanese Military, Diplomatic and Political Thinking after 1905 -- Conclusion -- 2 Carpe Diem?: The Manchurian-Mongolian Independence Movements, 1912-22 -- The Geopolitical Context of the 'Independence' Movements -- The 1912 'Independence' Movement -- Ongoing Japanese Ambitions in Mongolia, 1912-16 -- The 1916 'Independence' Movement -- The 1918-22 Siberian Intervention and the Pan-Mongol Movement -- The Japanese High Command and Mongolian Operations -- Mongolian Overtures to Japan -- Conclusion -- 3 Mongolia's Riches: Japanese Explorers, Entrepreneurs and Military Opportunists, 1922-31 -- The Geopolitical Context -- Mongolia in Japanese Bureaucratic, Political and Cultural Discourse -- Japanese Business and Mongolia -- Japanese Religious Aims in Mongolia: The Mainstream and the Fringe -- The Japanese Military and the Mongolian Horse -- Conclusion -- 4 Inner Mongolia: Japanese Military Activity and Its Cultural Support, 1932-45 -- The Japanese Military in Inner Mongolia, 1932-36 -- Japanese-Inner Mongolian Political and Diplomatic Relations, 1937-45 -- Japanese Writers and Mongolia, 1932-45 -- Western Writers and Mongolia, 1932-45 -- Conclusion -- 5 Cultural Diplomacy in Action: The Zenrin Kyokai in Inner Mongolia, 1933-45 -- Force versus Persuasion.

Agents of Japanese Cultural Diplomacy -- The Genesis of the Zenrin Kyokai -- The Zenrin Kyokai's Activities in Inner Mongolia, 1933-37 -- The Zenrin Kyokai's Activities in Japan, 1933-37 -- The Kwantung Army and the Zenrin Kyokai -- The Zenrin Kyokai's Activities after 1937 -- The Zenrin Kyokai and the Muslims of Mengchiang -- Conclusion -- Conclusion -- Appendices -- 1: List of Key Figures -- 2 List of Mongolian and Chinese Place-names -- Bibliography -- Index.