MORE ENGLISHES -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- ABBREVIATIONS -- PREFACE -- VARIETAS DELECTAT:FORMSAND FUNCTIONS OF ENGLISH AROUND THE WORLD1 -- 1. History of research -- 2. The spread of English -- 3. Settlement history and new varieties -- 4. Values and new norms -- 5. English as a second and as a foreign language -- 6. How many varieties of English? -- 7. Challenges to linguistic theory -- 8. The genesis of ESL varieties -- 9. Literature written in a second language -- 10. Consequences for English language teaching -- 11. Conclusion -- INNOVATION IN NEW ENGLISHES1 -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Innovation and conservatism -- 1.2. Conservatism -- 2. Innovation as an alleged characteristic of New Englishes -- 2.1. Loanwords -- 2.1.1. ENL varieties: AmE and SAfE -- 2.1.2. ESD communities -- 2.1.3. ESL societies: India -- 2.2. Word-formation -- 2.2.0. -- 2.2.1. The United States -- 2.2.2. Australia -- 2.2.3. ESL communities: India -- 2.2.4. Pidgins and creoles -- 2.2.5. Coinages in EFL varieties? -- 2.3. New meanings -- 2.3.1. -- 2.3.2. Changes resulting from environmental differences -- 2.3.3. Changes connected with expressive functions -- 2.3.4. New terminologies -- 2.3.5. Slang -- 3. Conclusion -- 3.1. Innovation in an international context -- 3.2. Innovation as a general and as a linguistic feature -- WORD-FORMATION AND THE ENL: ESL: EFL DISTINCTION1 -- 1. The problem -- 1.1. History of research -- 1.2. Word-formation as a fruitful topic in variation -- 1.3. The scope of this study -- 2. State of research and data used in this investigation -- 2.0. -- 2.1. Primary sources: newspapers -- 2.2. Secondary sources: dictionaries -- 3. Word-formation in various types of Englishes -- 3.1. Early Modern English, especially 1550-1630 -- 3.2. Scots -- 3.3. 'Colonial' societies with 'transplanted' Englishes.

3.3.1. U.S.A. -- 3.3.2. Australia -- 3.3.3. Canada and South Africa -- 3.4. Pidgins and creoles -- 3.4.0. -- 3.4.1. Jamaica -- 3.4.2. Krio and Tok Pisin -- 3.5. Second-language varieties -- 3.5.0. -- 3.5.1. South Asia -- 3.5.2. Other ESL countries -- 3.6. English as a foreign language: Germany -- 4. Word-formation according to types -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Compounding -- 4.3.Ρrefixation and suffixation -- 4.4. Backformation, clipping, acronyms and uncommon patterns -- 5. Summary -- HETERONYMY IN INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH1 -- 1. Preliminary remarks -- 2. Methods and terminology -- 2.1. Definitions -- 2.2. Cases of near'heteronymy -- 3. Historical conditions for heteronymy -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. England before 1500 -- 3.3. England, Scotland and 'transported Englishes overseas' -- 3.4. New heteronyms in the colonies -- 3.5. Convergence in the 20th century -- 3.6. Exemplification: garbage, rubbish and trash, or 'Waste Land revisited' -- 3.6.1. The rubbish -- 3.6.2. Australia -- 3.6.3. America -- 3.6.4. Malta -- 3.6.5. Summary -- 4. Heteronyms in world English - What remains to be done -- 4.1. A research proposal12 -- 4.1.1. The questionnaire sentences -- 4.1.2. The onomasiologìcal approach -- 4.1.3. Complementary data-collection -- 5. Conclusion -- DICTIONARIES OF TRANSPLANTED ENGLISHES1 -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. The transplantation of speech communities -- 1.2. Historical transplantations in the modern age -- 1.3. The scope of this article -- 1.4. Distinctive components of transplanted lexicons -- 1.5. The emancipation of the lexicography of new varieties -- 1.6. The inclusion of transplanted Englishes in international dictionaries -- 1.7. Research needs and the function of the Oxford English Dictionary -- 2. Dictionaries of transplanted ENL varieties -- 2.1. Introductory -- 2.2. The United States -- 2.2.1. The U.S. glossarist tradition.

2.2.2. The American National Dictionary: Noah Webster -- 2.2.3. The OED Complements: DAE and DA -- 2.2.4. The U.S. dialect dictionaries -- 2.3. Canada -- 2.3.1. History -- 2.3.2. The historical exclusive dictionary -- 2.3.3. The inclusive dictionaries -- 2.3.4. The dialect dictionary -- 2.4. Australia and New Zealand -- 2.4.1. History -- 2.4.2. The historical dictionary -- 2.4.3. The inclusive dictionaries -- 2.4.4. Cant, slang and colloquialisms -- 2.4.5. New Zealand -- 2.5. South Africa -- 2.5.1. History -- 2.5.2. The glossarist tradition -- 2.5.3. The historical dictionary -- 2.5.4. The inclusive dictionary -- 2.5.5. The usage dictionary -- 3. Dictionaries of ESL varieties -- 3.1. Introductory -- 3.2. South Asia -- 3.2.1. Introductory -- 3.2.2. The glossarist tradition -- 3.2.3. The usage dictionary -- 3.2.4. The modern exclusive dictionary -- 3.3. West Africa -- 3.4. The Caribbean -- 4. Dictionaries of English-related pidgins and creoles -- 4.1. General lexicographical problems -- 4.2. The Caribbean -- 4.2.1. History -- 4.2.2. Jamaica -- 4.2.3. The Bahamas -- 4.3. West Africa -- 4.3.1. History -- 4.3.2. Krio -- 4.3.3. Nigerian and Cameroonian Pidgin -- 4.4. The Southwest Pacific -- 4.4.1. Introductory -- 4.4.2. Tok Pisin of Papua New Guinea -- 4.4.3. Bislama (Vanuatu) -- 4.4.4. Solomon Pijin (Solomon Islands) -- 4.4.5. Kriol (Northern Territory, Australia) and Torres Strait Broken -- 5. Postscript -- IRISH ENGLISH AND IRISH CULTURE IN DICTIONARIES OF ENGLISH1 -- 1. Introduction -- 1.2. Terminology -- 1.3. Scottish and Irish English contrasts -- 2. Dictionaries of IrE -- 3. The list of testables -- 4. Analysis and summary of findings -- 4.1. Dictionaries used29 -- 4.2. Comparison of dictionaries -- 4.3. Comparison of word groups -- 4.4. Style -- 4.5. 'Diachronie lexicography' -- 5. Are dictionaries of IrE needed?.

5.1. The status of a language and lexicography -- 5.2. An exclusive dictionary of IrE -- 5.3. An inclusive dictionary of IrE -- 6. Conclusions -- TEXT TYPES AND INDIAN ENGLISH -- 1. Introduction1 -- 2. Newspaper reports and leaders -- 3. Book announcements and reviews (cf. Görlach 1991c) -- 4. Dedications, forewords and endpieces in scholarly books -- 5. Scholarly expository prose -- 6. Advertisements of various types -- 7. Obituaries -- 8. Letters and essays -- 9. Cookery recipes -- 10. The language of literature -- 10. Conclusion -- SOCIOLINGUISTIC DETERMINANTS FOR LITERATUREIN DIALECTS AND MINORITY LANGUAGES: MAX AND MORITZ IN SCOTS -- 1. Introduction1 -- 1.1. The text and its authors -- 1.2. Standard language and dialect -- 1.3. Text types and uses of dialect -- 1.4. The readers of dialect -- 2. Linguistic requirements for successful translations -- 3. Individual linguistic levels analysed -- 3.1. Sounds -- 3.1.1. Onomatopoeia -- 3.1.2. Names -- 3.1.3. Rhyming potential of Scots -- 3.2. Word-formation -- 3.3. Standard Scots and regional lexis -- 3.3.1. Lexical density -- 3.3.2. Results checked against dictionary evidence -- 3.3.3. The question of literary ('Burnsian') Scots -- 3.4. Stylistic and sociolectal variation -- 3.5. Localisation -- 4. Vitality of a dialect and successful dialect literature -- 4.1. The special case of the Middle Scots version -- 5. Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 1. Dictionaries -- INDEX OF NAMES -- INDEX OF TOPICS.