Constructing the Powers ofInternational Institutions -- CONTENTS -- FOREWORD -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- CHAPTER ONE -- INTRODUCING THE QUESTION OF POWERS -- 1.1. An Evergreen or Ignored Subject? -- 1.2. 'A Power' vis-à-vis 'Power' -- 1.3. Who Can Possess Powers? -- 1.4. Struggling to Define Powers -- 1.4.1. Disagreeing on Correct Power -- 1.4.2. Disagreeing on Extent of Powers -- 1.4.3. Disagreeing on Extent of Consent -- 1.4.4. Disagreeing on Who Determines the Extent of Powers -- 1.5. The Aim of the Book -- CHAPTER TWO -- POWERS AS A WAY OF IMAGING ORGANIZATIONS -- 2.1. The Idea of Attributed Powers -- 2.1.1. Early Powers. Organizations as Standing Conferences -- 2.1.2. Attributed Powers as Independence -- 2.1.3. Using Attribution to Limit Powers -- 2.2. The Idea of Implied Powers -- 2.2.1. Implied Powers as Institutional Efffectiveness -- 2.2.2. Implied Powers as 'Competence Creep' -- 2.3. Shifting Ideologies and the Interpretation of Powers -- CHAPTER THREE -- POWERS - A DEBATE BETWEEN FAMILIAR ADVERSARIES -- 3.1. Powers as A Manifestation of Autonomy -- 3.1.1. Constituting Organizations -- 3.1.2. Extreme Hegemony? The Idea of Inherent Powers -- 3.2. Tracing Member Preferences -- 3.2.1. Looking for the Source of International Obligations -- 3.2.2. Locating Member Consent -- 3.3. A Dual Image of Organizations -- CHAPTER FOUR -- ON THE INHERENT AMBIGUITY OF POWERS CLAIMS -- 4.1. The Elusiveness of Implied Powers -- 4.1.1. Implied Powers or Implied Functions? -- 4.1.2. Diffferent Expressions of a Functional Character -- 4.1.3. The 'Problem' with Functional Necessity Claims -- 4.2 The Attributed Character of all Powers -- 4.2.1. Attribution by Treaty -- 4.2.2. Attribution by Implication -- 4.3. On the Use(lessness) of the Attributed and ImpliedPowers Doctrines -- CHAPTER FIVE -- STRUCTURING THE QUESTION OF POWERS.

5.1. Looking for Guidance in the Constituent Instrument -- 5.1.1. On the Limiting Efffect of the Express Wording -- 5.1.2. Safeguarding Member Prerogatives -- 5.2. Looking for Guidance in Principles of Interpretation -- 5.3. Changing the Framework of Debate -- 5.3.1. From Powers as Evidence of a Constitutional Character… -- 5.3.2. … To Powers as an Issue of Constitutionalization -- 5.4. The Promise of Constitutionalism -- CHAPTER SIX -- CONSTITUTIONALISM AS A FRAMEWORK FOR DEBATING POWERS -- 6.1. On the Nature of Constitutional Claims -- 6.1.1. Identifying Elements of Constitutionalization -- 6.1.2. On the Many Meanings of Legitimacy -- 6.2. Formal Constitutionalism as Empowerment and Restraint -- 6.2.1. Claiming Efffijiciency Gains -- 6.2.2. A Critique of Judicial Efffectiveness -- 6.3 Substantive Constitutionalism as Empowermentand Restraint -- 6.3.1. Democratization as a Precondition for Efffectiveness -- 6.3.2 Questioning the Idea of Democratic Legitimation -- 6.4. Speaking Constitutionalism -- CHAPTER SEVEN -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX.