Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the Editors -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Smart Sensor Design -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Smart Sensors -- 1.2.1 Interface Electronics -- 1.2.2 Calibration and Trimming -- 1.3 A Smart Temperature Sensor -- 1.3.1 Operating Principle -- 1.3.2 Interface Electronics -- 1.3.3 Recent Work -- 1.4 A Smart Wind Sensor -- 1.4.1 Operating Principle -- 1.4.2 Interface Electronics -- 1.4.3 Recent Work -- 1.5 A Smart Hall Sensor -- 1.5.1 Operating Principle -- 1.5.2 Interface Electronics -- 1.5.3 Recent Work -- 1.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Calibration and Self-Calibration of Smart Sensors -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Calibration of Smart Sensors -- 2.2.1 Calibration Terminology -- 2.2.2 Limited Validity of a Calibration -- 2.2.3 Specifics of Smart Sensor Calibration -- 2.2.4 Storing Calibration Data in the Sensor -- 2.2.5 Calibration in the Production Process -- 2.2.6 Opportunities for Smart Sensor Calibration -- 2.2.7 Case Study: A Smart Temperature Sensor -- 2.3 Self-Calibration -- 2.3.1 Limitations of Self-Calibration -- 2.3.2 Self-Calibration by Combining Multiple Sensors -- 2.3.3 Self-Calibrating Sensactors -- 2.3.4 Case Study: A Smart Magnetic Field Sensor -- 2.3.5 Null-Balancing Sensactors -- 2.3.6 Case Study: A Smart Wind Sensor -- 2.3.7 Other Self-Calibration Approaches -- 2.4 Summary and Future Trends -- 2.4.1 Summary -- 2.4.2 Future Trends -- References -- Chapter 3 Precision Instrumentation Amplifiers -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Applications of Instrumentation Amplifiers -- 3.3 Three-OpAmp Instrumentation Amplifiers -- 3.4 Current-Feedback Instrumentation Amplifiers -- 3.5 Auto-Zero OpAmps and InstAmps -- 3.6 Chopper OpAmps and InstAmps -- 3.7 Chopper-Stabilized OpAmps and InstAmps.

3.8 Chopper-Stabilized and AZ Chopper OpAmps and InstAmps -- 3.9 Summary and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 4 Dedicated Impedance-Sensor Systems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Capacitive-Sensor Interfaces Employing Square-Wave Excitation Signals -- 4.2.1 Measurement of Single Elements -- 4.2.2 Energy-Efficient Interfaces Based on Period Modulation -- 4.2.3 Measurement of Capacitive Sensors with High Speed and High Resolution -- 4.2.4 Measurement of Grounded Capacitors: Feed-Forward Active Guarding -- 4.3 Dedicated Measurement Systems: Detection of Micro-Organisms -- 4.3.1 Characterization of Conductance Changes Due to Metabolism -- 4.3.2 Impedance Measurements with a Relaxation Oscillator -- 4.4 Dedicated Measurement Systems: Water-Content Measurements -- 4.4.1 Background -- 4.4.2 Capacitance Versus Water Content -- 4.4.3 Skin and Proximity Effects -- 4.4.4 Dedicated Interface System for Water-Content Measurements -- 4.5 Dedicated Measurement Systems: A Characterization System for Blood Impedance -- 4.5.1 Characteristics of Blood and Electrical Models -- 4.5.2 In-vivo Blood Analysis System -- 4.5.3 Experimental Results -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 Low-Power Vibratory Gyroscope Readout -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Power-Efficient Coriolis Sensing -- 5.2.1 Review of Vibratory Gyroscopes -- 5.2.2 Electronic Interface -- 5.2.3 Readout Interface -- 5.2.4 Improving Readout Interface Power Efficiency -- 5.2.5 Exploiting the Sense Resonance -- 5.3 Mode Matching -- 5.3.1 Estimating the Mismatch -- 5.3.2 Tuning Out the Mismatch -- 5.3.3 Closing the Tuning Loop -- 5.3.4 Practical Considerations -- 5.4 Force Feedback -- 5.4.1 Mode-Matching Consideration -- 5.4.2 Preliminary System Architecture and Model for Stability Analysis -- 5.4.3 Accommodating Parasitic Resonances.

5.4.4 Positive Feedback Architecture -- 5.5 Experimental Prototype -- 5.5.1 Implementation -- 5.5.2 Experimental Results -- 5.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6 Introduction to CMOS-Based DNA Microarrays -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Basic Operation Principle and Application of DNA Microarrays -- 6.3 Functionalization -- 6.4 CMOS Integration -- 6.5 Electrochemical Readout Techniques -- 6.5.1 Detection Principles -- 6.5.2 Potentiometric Setup -- 6.5.3 Readout Circuitry -- 6.6 Further Readout Techniques -- 6.6.1 Labeling-Based Approaches -- 6.6.2 Label-Free Approaches -- 6.7 Remarks on Packaging and Assembly -- 6.8 Concluding Remarks and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7 CMOS Image Sensors -- 7.1 Impact of CMOS Scaling on Image Sensors -- 7.2 CMOS Pixel Architectures -- 7.3 Photon Shot Noise -- 7.4 Analog-to-Digital Converters for CMOS Image Sensors -- 7.5 Light Sensitivity -- 7.6 Dynamic Range -- 7.7 Global Shutter -- 7.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8 Exploring Smart Sensors for Neural Interfacing -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Technical Considerations for Designing a Dynamic Neural Control System -- 8.3 Predicate Therapy Devices Using Smart-Sensors in a Dynamic Control Framework: Lessons Derived from Closed-Loop Cardiac Pacemakers -- 8.4 The Application of "Indirect'' Smart Sensing Methods: A Case Study of Posture Responsive Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Pain -- 8.4.1 Overview of the Posture Responsive Control System -- 8.4.2 The Design Challenge: Defining the Desired Patient State -- 8.4.3 The Physical Sensor: Three Axis Accelerometer -- 8.4.4 Design Details of the Three-Axis Accelerometer -- 8.4.5 Making the Sensor "Smart'' with State Estimation: The Position Detection Algorithm and Titration Algorithm -- 8.4.6 "Closing the Loop'': Mapping Inertial-Information to Stimulation Parameters for Posture-Based Adaptive Therapy.

8.5 Direct Sensing of Neural States: A Case Study in Smart Sensors for Measurement of Neural States and Enablement of Closed-Loop Neural Systems -- 8.5.1 Implantable Bidirectional Brain-Machine-Interface System Design -- 8.5.2 Design Overview of a Chopper Stabilized EEG Instrumentation Amplifier -- 8.5.3 Exploration of Neural Smart Sensing in the Brain: Prototype Testing in an Animal Models -- 8.5.4 Demonstrating the Concepts of Smart Sensing in the Brain: Real-Time Brain-State Estimation and Stimulation Titration -- 8.6 Future Trends and Opportunities for Smart Sensing in the Nervous System -- Disclosure -- References -- Chapter 9 Micropower Generation: Principles and Applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Energy Storage Systems -- 9.2.1 Introduction -- 9.2.2 Supercapacitors -- 9.2.3 Lithium-Ion Batteries -- 9.2.4 Thin-Film Lithium-Ion Batteries -- 9.2.5 Energy Storage Applications -- 9.3 Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting -- 9.3.1 Introduction -- 9.3.2 State-of-the-Art -- 9.3.3 Conversion Efficiency -- 9.3.4 Power Management -- 9.3.5 Conclusion -- 9.4 Vibration and Motion Energy Harvesting -- 9.4.1 Introduction -- 9.4.2 Machine Environment: Resonant Systems -- 9.4.3 Human Environment: Non-Resonant Systems -- 9.4.4 Power Management -- 9.4.5 Summary -- 9.5 Far-Field RF Energy Harvesting -- 9.5.1 Introduction -- 9.5.2 General principle -- 9.5.3 Analysis and Design -- 9.5.4 Application -- 9.6 Photovoltaic -- 9.7 Summary and Future Trends -- 9.7.1 Summary -- 9.7.2 Future Trends -- References -- Index -- Supplemental Images.