Cover -- Acknowledgements -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: English in Malaysia -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Roles and functions of English in Malaysia -- 1.3 Earlier studies of Malaysian English -- 1.4 Contact-induced change in Malaysian English: Acorpus-based study -- Chapter 2: The Historical Background of Malaysian English -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Peninsula before the arrival of the English language -- 2.3 The English language in the Archipelago: 17th to 18th century -- 2.4 Language contact during the EIC administration:1786 to 1867 -- 2.5 Language contact in British Malaya: 1867 to 1957 -- 2.6 Language contact in postcolonial Malaysia: 1957 to present -- 2.7Conclusion -- Chapter 3: The Malaysian English Newspaper Corpus -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Construction of the MEN Corpus -- 3.2.1 Selection of newspapers -- 3.2.2 Sampling procedure -- 3.2.3 Corpus size and selection of issues -- 3.2.4 Compilation of data -- 3.3 Analysing the MEN Corpus -- Chapter 4: Lexical Borrowing and LexicalCreation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Terminology -- 4.2.1 Defining lexical borrowing -- 4.2.2 Defining lexical creation -- 4.3 Lexical borrowing in Malaysian English -- 4.3.1 Influences of Malay -- 4.3.1.1 Loanwords -- 4.3.1.2 Compound blends -- 4.3.1.3 Loan translations -- 4.3.2 Influences of Chinese -- 4.3.2.1 Loanwords -- 4.3.2.2 Compound blends -- 4.3.2.3 Loan translations -- 4.3.3 Motivations for lexical borrowing -- 4.4 Lexical creation in Malaysian English -- 4.5 Borrowing and creation: Concluding remarks -- Chapter 5: Group Second Language Acquisition -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Defining group SLA -- 5.3 Syntactic variation -- 5.3.1 Reclassification of common nouns -- 5.3.1.1 Pluralisation of noncount nouns using the -s inflectional morpheme.

5.3.1.2 Reclassification of uninflected noncount nouns to singularcount nouns -- 5.3.1.3 Reclassification of uninflected noncount nouns to plural countnouns -- 5.3.1.4 Use of the general partitive construction, a piece of, with singular and plural count nouns -- 5.3.1.5 SLA strategies and processes of change -- 5.3.2 Multi-word verbs -- 5.3.2.1 Nativised prepositional and phrasal verbs -- 5.3.2.2 SLA strategies and processes of change -- 5.4 Lexical variation -- 5.5 Sociolinguistic ecology and group SLA -- Chapter 6: A Theoretical Model of Contactinduced Change in Malaysian English -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Contact-induced change in Malaysian English:Towards a theoretical model -- 6.2.1 Linguistic outcomes -- 6.2.2 Intent and motivations -- 6.2.3 Agentivity -- 6.2.4 Historical and social settings of Malaysian English -- 6.3 Conclusions and future explorations -- Appendix A: Lexical Items Borrowed from Malay -- Appendix B: Lexical Items Borrowed from Chinese -- Appendix C: Creations Using English Morphemes -- Appendix D: Hybrid Creations -- References -- Author and Subject Index -- Malaysian English Feature Index.