Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- COIL Conferences -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- 1: Ionic Liquid and Petrochemistry: A Patent Survey -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 New Formulations and Methods of Fabrication for an Improved Use of Ionic Liquids -- 1.2.1 Alkyl Sulfate Ionic Liquids -- 1.2.2 Other Ionic Liquids -- 1.2.3 High-Purity Ionic Liquids -- 1.2.4 Production of Ionic Liquids under Ultrasonication -- 1.2.5 Immobilised Ionic Liquids -- 1.3 Separation Processes Using Ionic Liquids -- 1.3.1 Introduction -- 1.3.2 Separation of Olefins -- 1.3.3 Close-Boiling Mixtures Treatment -- 1.3.4 Acid Removal from Organic Mixtures -- 1.3.5 Sulfur Compound Elimination from Hydrocarbon Streams -- 1.3.6 Natural Gas Purification -- 1.3.7 Oxygen- or Nitrogen-Containing Polar Compound Separation -- 1.3.8 Other Applications -- 1.4 Use of Ionic Liquids as Additives with Specific Properties -- 1.4.1 Ionic Liquids as Lubricants -- 1.4.2 Ionic Liquids as Antistatic Agents in Polymers -- 1.4.3 Ionic Liquids as Additives for Oil Drilling/Oil Wells -- 1.4.4 Carbon Nanotubes -- 1.4.5 Fine Particles Recovery -- 1.4.6 Anionic Surfactants -- 1.4.7 Pressure-Sensitive Compositions -- 1.5 Use of Ionic Liquids as Both Acidic Catalysts and Solvents -- 1.5.1 Introduction -- 1.5.2 Economical Preparation of Chloroaluminate(III) Ionic Liquids -- 1.5.3 Applications of Acidic Ionic Liquids: Catalysts and Solvents -- 1.5.4 Regeneration of Chloroaluminate(III) Ionic Liquids -- 1.6 Applications of Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Catalytic Systems -- 1.6.1 Introduction -- 1.6.2 Transition-Metal Catalysed Olefin Oligomerisation -- 1.6.3 Hydroformylation -- 1.6.4 Carbonylation of Alcohols -- 1.6.5 Metathesis -- 1.6.6 Hydrosilylation -- 1.6.7 Synthesis of Polymers -- 1.6.8 Microwave-Assisted Chemical Transformations with Ionic Liquids.

1.6.9 Methane to Methanol -- 1.6.10 Fluorination -- 1.6.11 Aldol Condensation -- 1.6.12 Acylation -- 1.6.13 Hydrocarbon Stream Drying -- 1.6.14 Photolysis -- 1.6.15 Preparation of Alkoxyamines -- 1.7 Ionic Liquids and Biopolymers -- 1.7.1 Dissolution and Processing of Cellulose -- 1.7.2 Starch and Ionic Liquids -- 1.7.3 Other Biopolymers -- 1.8 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- 2: Supercritical Fluids in Ionic Liquids -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Phase Behaviour of (Ionic Liquid + Supercritical Fluid) Systems -- 2.2.1 Experimental Methods -- 2.2.2 Phase Behaviour of Binary (Ionic Liquid + Supercritical Fluid) Systems -- 2.2.3 Phase Behaviour of Ternary (Ionic Liquid + Supercritical Fluid) Systems -- 2.3 Chemical Processing in (Ionic Liquid + Supercritical Fluid) Systems -- 2.3.1 Separations in Ionic Liquid + Supercritical Fluid Systems -- 2.3.2 Combined Reactions and Separations in Ionic Liquid + Supercritical Fluid Systems -- 2.4 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 3: The Phase Behaviour of 1-Alkyl-3-Methylimidazolium Ionic Liquids -- 3.1 Phase Transitions Linked with Conformational Changes of Cations -- 3.1.1 Conformers of 1-Alkyl-3-Methylimidazolium Cations -- 3.1.2 DSC Measurements of the Bromides of [C2mim]+, [iC3mim]+, and [C4mim]+ -- 3.2 Suitable Equipment for the Thermal Analysis of Ionic Liquids -- 3.3 The Phase Behaviour of [C4mim][PF6] -- 3.3.1 Phase Transitions -- 3.3.2 Cation Structure in Each Phase -- 3.4 Novel Phase Transition Behaviours of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids -- 3.4.1 A Model for Melting and Crystallisation -- 3.4.2 Rhythmic Melting and Crystallisation -- 3.4.3 Intermittent Crystallisation -- 3.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 4: Ionic Liquid Membrane Technology -- 4.1 Ionic Liquids: Definitions and Properties -- 4.2 Structure and Morphology of Ionic Liquid Membranes.

4.2.1 Supported Liquid Membranes (SLMs) and Contactors -- 4.2.2 Polymer Ionic Liquid Membranes -- 4.2.3 Gelled Ionic Liquids -- 4.3 Characterisation of Ionic Liquid Membranes -- 4.4 Recent Applications of Ionic Liquid Membranes -- 4.4.1 Separation of Gases and Vapours: CO2 Separation -- 4.4.2 Barrier Materials -- 4.4.3 Separations in the Liquid Phase -- 4.4.4 Fuel Cells and Electrochemical Applications -- 4.5 Future Directions -- 4.5.1 Bioreactive Systems -- 4.5.2 Ionic Liquid Systems with Enhanced Selectivity -- 4.5.3 Stimuli-Responsive Ionic Liquid Systems -- References -- 5: Engineering Simulations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Engineering Computations for Process Design using Ionic Liquids -- 5.3 Thermodynamic Models for Ionic Liquids -- 5.3.1 Gibbs Excess GE Models -- 5.3.2 EoS Models -- 5.3.3 Quantum Chemical Calculations -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- 6: Molecular Simulation of Ionic Liquids: Where We Are and the Path Forward -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Goals of a Molecular Simulation -- 6.2.1 Properties -- 6.2.2 Trends and Insight -- 6.3 Property Predictions -- 6.3.1 Setting the Force Field -- 6.3.2 Thermodynamic Properties -- 6.3.3 Transport Properties -- 6.4 Gas-Liquid, Liquid-Liquid, and Solid-Liquid Interfaces -- 6.4.1 Ionic Liquid-Gas Interface -- 6.4.2 Ionic Liquid-Liquid Interface -- 6.4.3 Ionic Liquid-Solid Interface -- 6.5 Multi-Component Systems -- 6.6 Solubility in Ionic Liquids -- 6.7 What Needs to Be Done (and What Does Not) -- 6.7.1 VLE of Pure Ionic Liquids -- 6.7.2 LLE -- 6.7.3 SLE -- 6.7.4 Force Fields -- 6.7.5 What Is Not Needed? -- 6.8 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7: Biocatalytic Reactions in Ionic Liquids -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Enzymes in Ionic Liquids -- 7.3 Single-Phase and Multiphase Systems for Biocatalysis in Ionic Liquids -- 7.4 Influence of Ionic Liquids on Enzyme and Substrate.

7.5 Water Content and Water Activity -- 7.6 Impurities -- 7.7 Biocatalysis in Whole-Cell Systems -- 7.8 Environmental Impact of Ionic Liquids -- 7.9 Concluding Remarks and Future Aspects -- References -- 8: Ionicity in Ionic Liquids: Origin of Characteristic Properties of Ionic Liquids -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methodology -- 8.2.1 Synthesis -- 8.2.2 Thermal Analysis -- 8.2.3 Density -- 8.2.4 Conductivity -- 8.2.5 Viscosity -- 8.2.6 Self-Diffusion Coefficients -- 8.2.7 Solvent Polarity Parameter -- 8.3 Physicochemical, Properties of [C2mim]+-Based Ionic Liquids -- 8.4 Transference Number and Ionicity -- 8.5 Correlation of Ionicity with Ionic Structures and Physicochemical Properties -- 8.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 9: Dielectric Properties of Ionic Liquids: Achievements So Far and Challenges Remaining -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 A Glance at Dielectric Theory of Electrically Conducting Systems -- 9.3 Phenomenological Description of Dielectric Spectra of Ionic Liquids -- 9.3.1 Microwave Spectra -- 9.3.2 Terahertz Spectra -- 9.4 Molecular Processes Affecting the Dielectric Response -- 9.4.1 Dipolar Processes -- 9.4.2 Ionic Processes -- 9.5 Relation to Solvation Dynamics -- 9.6 The Static Dielectric Constant of Ionic Liquids -- 9.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10: Ionic Liquid Radiation Chemistry -- 10.1 Introduction: What Is Radiation Chemistry? -- 10.2 The Relevance of Radiation Chemistry to Ionic Liquid Science and Applications -- 10.3 A Brief Description of Fundamental Radiation Chemistry and Ionic Liquids -- 10.4 Would Ionic Liquids Be Stable Enough for Spent Nuclear Fuel Recycling? -- 10.5 Suitability of Ionic Liquid Preparations for Radiation Chemistry Studies -- 10.6 Practical Importance: Applying Fundamental Ionic Liquid Radiation Chemistry to Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 10.7 Future Prospects.

Acknowledgements -- References -- 11: Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Melting Point -- 11.3 Density -- 11.4 Viscosity -- 11.5 Surface Tension -- 11.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Index.