The Law of Higher Education -- Copyright -- Notice to Instructors -- Notice of Web Site and Periodic Supplements for the Student Version -- Contents -- Crosswalk for the Student Version of The Law of Higher Education, Fifth Edition -- Preface -- How the Student Version Was Developed -- Developments in Higher Education Law since the Publication of the Fourth Edition -- Organization and Content of the Student Version -- A Note on Nomenclature -- Recommendations for Using the Student Version and Keeping Up-to-Date -- Endnote -- Acknowledgments -- The Authors -- General Introduction: The Study of Higher Education Law -- A. The Universe of Education Law -- B. The Governance of Higher Education -- C. Sources of Higher Education Law -- D. The Legal Relationships Within Institutions of Higher Education -- E. The Law/Policy Distinction -- F. The U.S. Legal System as It Relates to Higher Education Law -- Part One: Perspectives and Foundations -- 1 Overview of Higher Education Law -- Section 1.1 How Far the Law Reaches and How Loudly It Speaks -- Section 1.2 Evolution of Higher Education Law -- Section 1.3 The Governance of Higher Education -- 1.3.1 Basic concepts and distinctions -- 1.3.2 Internal governance -- 1.3.3 External governance -- Section 1.4 Sources of Higher Education Law -- 1.4.1 Overview -- 1.4.2 External sources of law -- 1.4.2.1 Federal and state constitutions -- 1.4.2.2 Statutes -- 1.4.2.3 Administrative rules and regulations -- 1.4.2.4 State common law -- 1.4.2.5 Foreign and international law -- 1.4.3 Internal sources of law -- 1.4.3.1 Institutional rules and regulations -- 1.4.3.2 Institutional contracts -- 1.4.3.3 Academic custom and usage -- 1.4.4 The role of case law -- 1.4.5 Researching case law -- Section 1.5 The Public-Private Dichotomy -- 1.5.1 Overview -- 1.5.2 The state action doctrine.

1.5.2.1 When private postsecondary institutions may be engaged in state action -- 1.5.2.2 When students, employees, and others may be engaged in state action -- 1.5.3 Other bases for legal rights in private institutions -- Section 1.6 Religion and the Public-Private Dichotomy -- 1.6.1 Overview -- 1.6.2 Religious autonomy rights of religious institutions and their personnel -- 1.6.3 Government support for religious institutions -- 1.6.4 Religious autonomy rights of individuals in public postsecondary institutions -- Section 1.7 The Relationship Between Law and Policy -- 2 Legal Planning and Dispute Resolution -- Section 2.1 Legal Liability -- 2.1.1 Overview -- 2.1.2 Types of liability -- 2.1.3 Agency law -- 2.1.4 Enforcement mechanisms -- 2.1.5 Remedies for legal violations -- 2.1.6 Avoiding legal liability -- 2.1.7 Treatment law and preventive law -- Section 2.2 Litigation in the Courts -- 2.2.1 Overview -- 2.2.2 Judicial (academic) deference -- 2.2.3 Managing litigation and the threat of litigation -- Section 2.3 Alternative Dispute Resolution -- 2.3.1 Overview -- 2.3.2 Types of ADR -- 2.3.3 Applications to colleges and universities -- Section 2.4 Institutional Management of Liability Risk -- 2.4.1 Overview and suggestions -- 2.4.2 Risk management strategies -- 2.4.3 Enterprise risk management -- Part Two: The College and Its Governing Board and Staff -- 3 The College's Authority and Liability -- Section 3.1 The Question of Authority -- 3.1.1 Overview -- 3.1.2 Trustee authority -- Section 3.2 Institutional Tort Liability -- 3.2.1 Overview -- 3.2.2 Negligence -- 3.2.2.1 Overview -- 3.2.2.2 Premises liability -- 3.2.2.3 Liability for injuries related to on-campus instruction -- 3.2.2.4 Liability for injuries in off-campus instruction -- 3.2.2.5 Liability for cocurricular and social activities -- 3.2.2.6 Student suicide.

3.2.2.7 Liability for injuries related to outreach programs -- 3.2.3 Educational malpractice and related claims -- 3.2.4 Defamation -- Section 3.3 Institutional Contract Liability -- Section 3.4 Institutional Liability for Violating Federal Constitutional Rights (Section 1983 Liability) -- 3.4.1 Overview -- 3.4.2 Eleventh Amendment immunity -- 4 The College and Its Employees -- Section 4.1 Overview of Employment Relationships -- Section 4.2 Employment Contracts -- 4.2.1 Defining the contract -- 4.2.2 The at-will doctrine -- Section 4.3 Collective Bargaining -- 4.3.1 Overview -- 4.3.2 The public-private dichotomy in collective bargaining -- 4.3.3 Collective bargaining and antidiscrimination laws -- Section 4.4 Personal Liability of Employees -- 4.4.1 Overview -- 4.4.2 Tort liability -- 4.4.2.1 Overview -- 4.4.2.2 Negligence -- 4.4.2.3 Defamation -- 4.4.3 Contract liability -- 4.4.4 Constitutional liability (personal liability under Section 1983) -- 4.4.4.1 Qualified immunity -- 4.4.4.2 Issues on the merits: State-created dangers -- Section 4.5 Employment Discrimination -- 4.5.1 Overview: The interplay of statutes, regulations, and constitutional protections -- 4.5.2 Sources of law -- 4.5.2.1 Title VII -- 4.5.2.2 Equal Pay Act -- 4.5.2.3 Title IX -- 4.5.2.4 Section 1981 -- 4.5.2.5 Americans with Disabilities Act and Rehabilitation Act of 1973 -- 4.5.2.6 Age Discrimination in Employment Act -- 4.5.2.7 Constitutional prohibitions against employment discrimination -- 4.5.2.8 Executive Orders 11246 and 11375 -- 4.5.2.9 Laws prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination -- 4.5.2.10 Laws prohibiting transgender discrimination -- Section 4.6 Affirmative Action -- 4.6.1 Overview -- 4.6.2 Affirmative action Under Title VII -- 4.6.3 Affirmative action Under the Equal Protection Clause -- 4.6.4 State regulation of affirmative action -- 4.6.5 Conclusions.

Section 4.7 Application of Nondiscrimination Laws to Religious Institutions -- Part Three: The College and Its Faculty -- 5 Special Issues in Faculty Employment -- Section 5.1 Overview -- Section 5.2 Faculty Contracts -- 5.2.1 Overview -- 5.2.2 Academic custom and usage -- 5.2.3 Part-time faculty -- 5.2.4 Contracts in religious institutions -- Section 5.3 Faculty Collective Bargaining -- Section 5.4 Application of Nondiscrimination Laws to Faculty Employment Decisions -- 5.4.1 Overview -- 5.4.2 Judicial deference and remedies for tenure denial -- Section 5.5 Affirmative Action in Faculty Employment Decisions -- Section 5.6 Standards and Criteria for Faculty Employment Decisions -- 5.6.1 General principles -- 5.6.2 Terminations of tenure for cause -- 5.6.3 Denial of tenure -- Section 5.7 Procedures for Faculty Employment Decisions -- 5.7.1 General principles -- 5.7.2 The public faculty member's right to constitutional due process -- 5.7.2.1 Nonrenewal of contracts -- 5.7.2.2 Denial of tenure -- 5.7.2.3 Termination of tenure -- 5.7.3 The private faculty member's procedural rights -- 6 Faculty Academic Freedom and Freedom of Expression -- Section 6.1 General Concepts and Principles -- 6.1.1 Faculty freedom of expression in general -- 6.1.2 Other constitutional rights supporting faculty freedom of expression -- 6.1.3 Academic freedom: Basic concepts and distinctions -- 6.1.4 Professional versus legal concepts of academic freedom -- 6.1.5 The foundational constitutional law cases -- 6.1.6 External versus internal restraints on academic freedom -- 6.1.7 "Institutional" academic freedom -- 6.1.8 "International" academic freedom -- Section 6.2 Academic Freedom in Teaching -- 6.2.1 In general -- 6.2.2 The classroom -- 6.2.3 Grading -- 6.2.4 Private institutions -- Section 6.3 Academic Freedom in Research and Publication.

Section 6.4 Academic Freedom in Religious Colleges and Universities -- Part Four: The College and Its Students -- 7 The Student-Institution Relationship -- Section 7.1 The Legal Status of Students -- 7.1.1 Overview -- 7.1.2 The age of majority -- 7.1.3 The contractual rights of students -- 7.1.4 Student academic freedom -- 7.1.5 Students' legal relationships with other students -- Section 7.2 Admissions -- 7.2.1 Basic legal requirements -- 7.2.2 Arbitrariness -- 7.2.3 The contract theory -- 7.2.4 The principle of nondiscrimination -- 7.2.4.1 Race -- 7.2.4.2 Sex -- 7.2.4.3 Disability -- 7.2.4.4 Immigration status -- 7.2.5 Affirmative action programs -- 7.2.6 Readmission -- Section 7.3 Financial Aid -- 7.3.1 General principles -- 7.3.2 Federal programs -- 7.3.3 Nondiscrimination -- 7.3.4 Affirmative action in financial aid programs -- 7.3.5 Discrimination against aliens -- 7.3.5.1 Documented (immigrant and nonimmigrant) aliens -- 7.3.5.2 Undocumented aliens -- Section 7.4 Student Housing -- 7.4.1 Overview -- 7.4.2 Discrimination claims -- 7.4.3 Searches and seizures -- Section 7.5 Campus Computer Networks -- 7.5.1 Freedom of speech -- 7.5.2 Right to privacy -- 7.5.3 Liability issues -- Section 7.6 Campus Security -- 7.6.1 Security officers -- 7.6.2 Protecting students against violent crime -- 7.6.3 Federal statutes and campus security -- Section 7.7 Other Support Services -- 7.7.1 Overview -- 7.7.2 Services for students with disabilities -- 7.7.3 Services for international students -- Section 7.8 Student Records -- 7.8.1 Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) -- 7.8.2 State law -- 8 Student Academic Issues -- Section 8.1 Overview -- Section 8.2 Grading and Academic Standards -- Section 8.3 Online Programs -- 8.3.1 Overview -- 8.3.2 Student legal claims about online programs.

Section 8.4 Academic Accommodations for Students with Disabilities.