HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL MIXING -- CONTENTS -- Contributors -- Introduction -- Mixing in Perspective -- Scope of Mixing Operations -- Residence Time Distributions: Chapter 1 -- Mixing Fundamentals: Chapters 1-5 -- Mixing Equipment: Chapters 6, 7, 8, and 21 -- Miscible Liquid Blending: Chapters 3, 7, 9, and 16 -- Solid-Liquid Suspension: Chapters 10, 17, and 18 -- Gas-Liquid Contacting: Chapter 11 -- Liquid-Liquid Mixing: Chapter 12 -- Mixing and Chemical Reactions/Reactor Design: Chapters 13 and 17 -- Heat Transfer and Mixing: Chapter 14 -- Specialized Topics for Various Industries: Chapters 15-20 -- Conversations Overheard in a Chemical Plant -- The Problem -- Competitive-Consecutive Reaction -- Gas-Liquid Reaction -- Solid-Liquid Reaction -- Liquid-Liquid Reaction -- Crystallization -- Using the Handbook -- Diagnostic Charts -- Mixing Nomenclature and Unit Conversions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 1 Residence Time Distributions -- 1-1 Introduction -- 1-2 Measurements and Distribution Functions -- 1-3 Residence Time Models of Flow Systems -- 1-3.1 Ideal Flow Systems -- 1-3.2 Hydrodynamic Models -- 1-3.3 Recycle Models -- 1-4 Uses of Residence Time Distributions -- 1-4.1 Diagnosis of Pathological Behavior -- 1-4.2 Damping of Feed Fluctuations -- 1-4.3 Yield Prediction -- 1-4.4 Use with Computational Fluid Dynamic Calculations -- 1-5 Extensions of Residence Time Theory -- Nomenclature -- References -- 2 Turbulence in Mixing Applications -- 2-1 Introduction -- 2-2 Background -- 2-2.1 Definitions -- 2-2.2 Length and Time Scales in the Context of Turbulent Mixing -- 2-2.3 Relative Rates of Mixing and Reaction: The Damkoehler Number -- 2-3 Classical Measures of Turbulence -- 2-3.1 Phenomenological Description of Turbulence -- 2-3.2 Turbulence Spectrum: Quantifying Length Scales.

2-3.3 Scaling Arguments and the Energy Budget: Relating Turbulence Characteristics to Operating Variables -- 2-4 Dynamics and Averages: Reducing the Dimensionality of the Problem -- 2-4.1 Time Averaging of the Flow Field: The Eulerian Approach -- 2-4.2 Useful Approximations -- 2-4.3 Tracking of Fluid Particles: The Lagrangian Approach -- 2-4.4 Experimental Measurements -- 2-5 Modeling the Turbulent Transport -- 2-5.1 Time-Resolved Simulations: The Full Solution -- 2-5.2 Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations: An Engineering Approximation -- 2-5.3 Limitations of Current Modeling: Coupling between Velocity, Concentration, Temperature, and Reaction Kinetics -- 2-6 What Have We Learned? -- Nomenclature -- References -- 3 Laminar Mixing: A Dynamical Systems Approach -- 3-1 Introduction -- 3-2 Background -- 3-2.1 Simple Mixing Mechanism: Flow Reorientation -- 3-2.2 Distinctive Properties of Chaotic Systems -- 3-2.3 Chaos and Mixing: Some Key Contributions -- 3-3 How to Evaluate Mixing Performance -- 3-3.1 Traditional Approach and Its Problems -- 3-3.2 Measuring Microstructural Properties of a Mixture -- 3-3.3 Study of Microstructure: A Brief Review -- 3-4 Physics of Chaotic Flows Applied to Laminar Mixing -- 3-4.1 Simple Model Chaotic System: The Sine Flow -- 3-4.2 Evolution of Material Lines: The Stretching Field -- 3-4.3 Short-Term Mixing Structures -- 3-4.4 Direct Simulation of Material Interfaces -- 3-4.5 Asymptotic Directionality in Chaotic Flows -- 3-4.6 Rates of Interface Growth -- 3-4.7 Intermaterial Area Density Calculation -- 3-4.8 Calculation of Striation Thickness Distributions -- 3-4.9 Prediction of Striation Thickness Distributions -- 3-5 Applications to Physically Realizable Chaotic Flows -- 3-5.1 Common 3D Chaotic System: The Kenics Static Mixer -- 3-5.2 Short-Term Mixing Structures -- 3-5.3 Asymptotic Directionality in the Kenics Mixer.

3-5.4 Computation of the Stretching Field -- 3-5.5 Rates of Interface Growth -- 3-5.6 Intermaterial Area Density Calculation -- 3-5.7 Prediction of Striation Thickness Distributions in Realistic 3D Systems -- 3-6 Reactive Chaotic Flows -- 3-6.1 Reactions in 3D Laminar Systems -- 3-7 Summary -- 3-8 Conclusions -- Nomenclature -- References -- 4 Experimental Methods -- Part A: Measuring Tools and Techniques for Mixing and Flow Visualization Studies -- 4-1 Introduction -- 4-1.1 Preliminary Considerations -- 4-2 Mixing Laboratory -- 4-2.1 Safety -- 4-2.2 Fluids: Rheology and Model Fluids -- 4-2.3 Scale of Operation -- 4-2.4 Basic Instrumentation Considerations -- 4-2.5 Materials of Construction -- 4-2.6 Lab Scale Mixing in Stirred Tanks -- 4-2.7 Lab Scale Mixing in Pipelines -- 4-3 Power Draw Or Torque Measurement -- 4-3.1 Strain Gauges -- 4-3.2 Air Bearing with Load Cell -- 4-3.3 Shaft Power Measurement Using a Modified Rheometer -- 4-3.4 Measurement of Motor Power -- 4-4 Single-Phase Blending -- 4-4.1 Flow Visualization -- 4-4.2 Selection of Probe Location -- 4-4.3 Approximate Mixing Time Measurement with Colorimetric Methods -- 4-4.4 Quantitative Measurement of the Mixing Time -- 4-4.5 RTD for CSTR -- 4-4.6 Local Mixedness: CoV, Reaction, and LIF -- 4-5 Solid-Liquid Mixing -- 4-5.1 Solids Distribution -- 4-5.2 Solids Suspension: Measurement of N(js) -- 4-6 Liquid-Liquid Dispersion -- 4-6.1 Cleaning a Liquid-Liquid System -- 4-6.2 Measuring Interfacial Tension -- 4-6.3 N(jd) for Liquid-Liquid Systems -- 4-6.4 Distribution of the Dispersed Phase -- 4-6.5 Phase Inversion -- 4-6.6 Droplet Sizing -- 4-7 Gas-Liquid Mixing -- 4-7.1 Detecting the Gassing Regime -- 4-7.2 Cavity Type -- 4-7.3 Power Measurement -- 4-7.4 Gas Volume Fraction (Hold-up) -- 4-7.5 Volumetric Mass Transfer Coefficient, k(L)a -- 4-7.6 Bubble Size and Specific Interfacial Area.

4-7.7 Coalescence -- 4-7.8 Gas-Phase RTD -- 4-7.9 Liquid-Phase RTD -- 4-7.10 Liquid-Phase Blending Time -- 4-7.11 Surface Aeration -- 4-8 Other Techniques -- 4-8.1 Tomography -- Part B: Fundamental Flow Measurement -- 4-9 Scope of Fundamental Flow Measurement Techniques -- 4-9.1 Point versus Full Field Velocity Measurement Techniques: Advantages and Limitations -- 4-9.2 Nonintrusive Measurement Techniques -- 4-10 Laser Doppler Anemometry -- 4-10.1 Characteristics of LDA -- 4-10.2 Principles of LDA -- 4-10.3 LDA Implementation -- 4-10.4 Making Measurements -- 4-10.5 LDA Applications in Mixing -- 4-11 Phase Doppler Anemometry -- 4-11.1 Principles and Equations for PDA -- 4-11.2 Sensitivity and Range of PDA -- 4-11.3 Implementation of PDA -- 4-12 Particle Image Velocimetry -- 4-12.1 Principles of PIV -- 4-12.2 Image Processing -- 4-12.3 Implementation of PIV -- 4-12.4 PIV Data Processing -- 4-12.5 Stereoscopic (3D) PIV -- 4-12.6 PIV Applications in Mixing -- Nomenclature -- References -- 5 Computational Fluid Mixing -- 5-1 Introduction -- 5-2 Computational Fluid Dynamics -- 5-2.1 Conservation Equations -- 5-2.2 Auxiliary Models: Reaction, Multiphase, and Viscosity -- 5-3 Numerical Methods -- 5-3.1 Discretization of the Domain: Grid Generation -- 5-3.2 Discretization of the Equations -- 5-3.3 Solution Methods -- 5-3.4 Parallel Processing -- 5-4 Stirred Tank Modeling Using Experimental Data -- 5-4.1 Impeller Modeling with Velocity Data -- 5-4.2 Using Experimental Data -- 5-4.3 Treatment of Baffles in 2D Simulations -- 5-4.4 Combining the Velocity Data Model with Other Physical Models -- 5-5 Stirred Tank Modeling Using the Actual Impeller Geometry -- 5-5.1 Rotating Frame Model -- 5-5.2 Multiple Reference Frames Model -- 5-5.3 Sliding Mesh Model -- 5-5.4 Snapshot Model -- 5-5.5 Combining the Geometric Impeller Models with Other Physical Models.

5-6 Evaluating Mixing from Flow Field Results -- 5-6.1 Graphics of the Solution Domain -- 5-6.2 Graphics of the Flow Field Solution -- 5-6.3 Other Useful Solution Variables -- 5-6.4 Mixing Parameters -- 5-7 Applications -- 5-7.1 Blending in a Stirred Tank Reactor -- 5-7.2 Chemical Reaction in a Stirred Tank -- 5-7.3 Solids Suspension Vessel -- 5-7.4 Fermenter -- 5-7.5 Industrial Paper Pulp Chests -- 5-7.6 Twin-Screw Extruders -- 5-7.7 Intermeshing Impellers -- 5-7.8 Kenics Static Mixer -- 5-7.9 HEV Static Mixer -- 5-7.10 LDPE Autoclave Reactor -- 5-7.11 Impeller Design Optimization -- 5-7.12 Helical Ribbon Impeller -- 5-7.13 Stirred Tank Modeling Using LES -- 5-8 Closing Remarks -- 5-8.1 Additional Resources -- 5-8.2 Hardware Needs -- 5-8.3 Learning Curve -- 5-8.4 Common Pitfalls and Benefits -- Acknowledgments -- Nomenclature -- References -- 6 Mechanically Stirred Vessels -- 6-1 Introduction -- 6-2 Key Design Parameters -- 6-2.1 Geometry -- 6-2.2 Impeller Selection -- 6-2.3 Impeller Characteristics: Pumping and Power -- 6-3 Flow Characteristics -- 6-3.1 Flow Patterns -- 6-3.2 Shear -- 6-3.3 Impeller Clearance and Spacing -- 6-3.4 Multistage Agitated Tanks -- 6-3.5 Feed Pipe Backmixing -- 6-3.6 Bottom Drainage Port -- 6-4 Scale-up -- 6-5 Performance Characteristics and Ranges of Application -- 6-5.1 Liquid Blending -- 6-5.2 Solids Suspension -- 6-5.3 Immiscible Liquid-Liquid Mixing -- 6-5.4 Gas-Liquid Dispersion -- 6-6 Laminar Mixing in Mechanically Stirred Vessels -- 6-6.1 Close-Clearance Impellers -- Nomenclature -- References -- 7 Mixing in Pipelines -- 7-1 Introduction -- 7-2 Fluid Dynamic Modes: Flow Regimes -- 7-2.1 Reynolds Experiments in Pipeline Flow -- 7-2.2 Reynolds Number and Friction Factor -- 7-3 Overview of Pipeline Device Options by Flow Regime -- 7-3.1 Turbulent Single-Phase Flow -- 7-3.2 Turbulent Multiphase Flow.

7-3.3 Laminar Flow.