Front Cover -- Pipeline Planning and Construction Field Manual -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- Author Biography -- E. Shashi Menon, Ph.D., P.E. -- Barry G. Bubar, P.E. -- William E. Bauer -- Hal S. Ozanne -- Glenn A. Wininger -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Design Basis -- Introduction -- 1.1 Units of Measurement -- 1.2 Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2. Route Selection -- Introduction -- 2.1 Community and Local Agencies -- 2.2 Population Density -- 2.3 Technical and Project Necessities -- 2.4 Constructibility -- 2.5 Right-of-Way -- 2.6 Environmental Issues -- 2.7 Route Beginning and Ending Points -- 2.8 Connections -- 2.9 Mapping System -- 2.10 Field Review -- 2.11 Parallel Other Lines -- 2.12 Integrity -- 2.13 Established Corridors -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3. Pipeline Regulatory and Environmental Permits -- Introduction -- 3.1 Regulation of Interstate Pipelines -- 3.2 Regulation of Intrastate Pipelines -- 3.3 Environmental Permits for Interstate Pipelines -- 3.4 Environmental Permits for Intrastate Pipelines -- 3.5 Local Permits -- Chapter 4. Right-of-Way -- Introduction -- 4.1 Right-of-Way Deliverables and Requirements -- 4.2 Project Planning -- 4.3 Right-of-Way Budgeting -- 4.4 Right-of-Way Database and Records -- 4.5 Field Support -- 4.6 Right-of-Way Negotiations and Condemnation -- 4.7 Construction Support -- 4.8 Project Completion and Pipeline Operations -- Chapter 5. Alignment Sheets -- Introduction -- 5.1 Uses -- 5.2 Alignment Sheet Development -- 5.3 Quantity of Alignment Sheets -- 5.4 Stationing -- 5.5 Survey -- 5.6 Drawing Issuance -- 5.7 Changes to the Route -- 5.8 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Requirements -- 5.9 Existing Systems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 6. Overview of Pipeline Materials -- Introduction -- 6.1 Criteria.

6.2 Product to Be Transported -- 6.3 Operating Pressure -- 6.4 Operating Temperature -- 6.5 Handling and Welding -- 6.6 Volume or Throughput -- 6.7 Codes and Regulations -- 6.8 Coating -- 6.9 Joint Coating -- 6.10 Fittings -- Bibliography -- Chapter 7. Pipe Strength and Wall Thickness -- Introduction -- 7.1 Allowable Operating Pressure -- 7.2 Barlow's Equation for Internal Pressure -- 7.3 Derivation of Barlow's Equation -- 7.4 Modified Barlow's Equation -- 7.5 Gas Pipelines: Class Locations -- 7.6 Thick-Walled Pipes -- 7.7 Mainline Valves -- 7.8 Blowdown Calculations -- 7.9 Determining Pipe Tonnage -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Chapter 8. Pipeline Hydraulic Analysis -- Introduction -- 8.1 Velocity of Flow in Liquid Pipelines -- 8.2 Reynolds Number in Liquid Flow -- 8.3 Pressure and Head of a Liquid -- 8.4 Pressure Drop in Liquid Flow -- 8.5 Friction Factor -- 8.6 Colebrook-White Equation -- 8.7 Moody Diagram -- 8.8 Hazen-Williams Equation -- 8.9 Minor Losses -- 8.10 Flow of Gas in Pipelines -- 8.11 Erosional Velocity -- 8.12 Reynolds Number in Gas Flow -- 8.13 Friction Factor in Gas Flow -- 8.14 Colebrook-White Equation for Gas Flow -- 8.15 Transmission Factor -- 8.16 Pressure Drop in Gas Flow -- 8.17 Effect of Pipe Elevations -- 8.18 The Average Gas Pressure -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Chapter 9. Series and Parallel Piping and Power Required -- Introduction -- 9.1 Total Pressure Required to Transport Liquids -- 9.2 Hydraulic Pressure Gradient in Liquids -- 9.3 Series Piping in Liquid Pipelines -- 9.4 Parallel Piping in Liquid Pipelines -- 9.5 Transporting High Vapor Pressure Liquids -- 9.6 Pumping Power Required in Liquid Pipelines -- 9.7 System Head Curves - Liquid Pipelines -- 9.8 Injections and Deliveries - Liquid Pipelines -- 9.9 Pipe Loops in Liquid Pipelines -- 9.10 Gas Pipelines -- 9.11 Hydraulic Pressure Gradient in Gas Pipeline.

9.12 Series Piping in Gas Pipelines -- 9.13 Parallel Piping in Gas Pipelines -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Chapter 10. Valve Stations -- Introduction -- 10.1 What to Expect -- 10.2 Valve Usage -- 10.3 Some Other Valves Not Listed by API-6D -- 10.4 Valve Pressure Class -- 10.5 Pipeline Design and Valve Selection -- 10.6 Mainline Valve Locations -- 10.7 Valve Station Design -- 10.8 Buried Valve Vaults -- 10.9 Direct Burial of Valves -- 10.10 Natural Gas Pipeline Valves -- 10.11 Valve Placement on Gas Pipelines -- 10.12 Block Valve Spacing on Gas Transmission Lines -- 10.13 Valve Maintenance for Liquid and Gas Pipelines as per Code -- 10.14 Overpressure Safety Valves and Pressure Limiting Devices for Hazardous Liquid Pipelines -- 10.15 Natural Gas Pipeline Valves Maintenance -- 10.16 Pressure Limiting and Regulating Stations for Gas Pipelines -- 10.17 General Valve Station Protection -- 10.18 Pipeline Valve Selection - Ball or Gate? -- References -- Bibliography -- Chapter 11. Pump Stations -- Introduction -- 11.1 Multipump Station Pipelines -- 11.2 Hydraulic Balance and Pump Stations Required -- 11.3 Telescoping Pipe Wall Thickness -- 11.4 Change of Pipe Grade - Grade Tapering -- 11.5 Slack Line and Open Channel Flow -- 11.6 Batching Different Liquids -- 11.7 Centrifugal Pumps Versus Reciprocating Pumps -- 11.8 Centrifugal Pump Head and Efficiency Versus Flow Rate -- 11.9 BHP Versus Flow Rate -- 11.10 NPSH Versus Flow Rate -- 11.11 Specific Speed -- 11.12 Affinity Laws for Centrifugal Pumps -- 11.13 Effect of Specific Gravity and Viscosity on Pump Performance -- 11.14 Pump Configuration - Series and Parallel -- 11.15 Pump Head Curve Versus System Head Curve -- 11.16 Multiple Pumps Versus System Head Curve -- 11.17 NPSH Required Versus NPSH Available -- 11.18 Pump Station Configuration -- 11.19 Control Pressure and Throttle Pressure.

11.20 Variable Speed Pumps -- 11.21 VSD Pump Versus Control Valve -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Chapter 12. Compressor Stations -- Introduction -- 12.1 Compressor Station Locations -- 12.2 Hydraulic Balance -- 12.3 Isothermal Compression -- 12.4 Adiabatic Compression -- 12.5 Polytropic Compression -- 12.6 Discharge Temperature of Compressed Gas -- 12.7 Compression Power Required -- 12.8 Optimum Compressor Locations -- 12.9 Compressors in Series and Parallel -- 12.10 Types of Compressors - Centrifugal and Positive Displacement -- 12.11 Compressor Performance Curves -- 12.12 Compressor Head and Gas Flow Rate -- 12.13 Compressor Station Piping Losses -- 12.14 Compressor Station Schematic -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Chapter 13. Corrosion Protection -- Introduction -- 13.1 Corrosion in Pipelines -- 13.2 Causes of Pipeline Failure -- 13.3 Types of Corrosion -- 13.4 Corrosion Control -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Chapter 14. Leak Detection -- Introduction -- 14.1 Prevention -- 14.2 Pressure Regulation -- 14.3 Cathodic Protection -- 14.4 Corrosion Coupons -- 14.5 Pipeline Markers -- 14.6 Smart Pigging -- 14.7 Pipeline Security -- 14.8 Regulations -- 14.9 Purpose -- 14.10 Intermediate Block Valves -- 14.11 Check Valves -- 14.12 Patrolling -- 14.13 Detection -- 14.14 Measurement -- 14.15 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System -- 14.16 Hydrostatic Testing -- Bibliography -- Chapter 15. Pipeline Pigging and Inspection -- Introduction -- 15.1 Pig Use -- 15.2 Pipeline Pigging -- 15.3 Problem Pipelines -- 15.4 Piggable Pipelines -- 15.5 Pig Propulsion -- 15.6 Utility Pigs -- 15.7 Selecting Pigs for Small Bore and Double Diameter Pipelines -- 15.8 Poly Pigs -- 15.9 My First Experience with Poly Pigs -- 15.10 Pig Trains -- 15.11 Smart Pigs -- 15.12 Smart Pig Types -- 15.13 Crack Detection -- 15.14 Preparation for Smart Pig Inspection -- 15.15 MFL Smart Pig.

15.16 Post Smart Pig Inspection -- 15.17 Expert Data Evaluation -- 15.18 External Corrosion -- 15.19 Internal Corrosion -- 15.20 Postinspection Criteria -- Summary -- References -- Bibliography -- Chapter 16. Pipeline Construction -- Introduction -- 16.1 Pipeline Construction Sequence -- 16.2 Restoration of Disturbed Construction R.O.W. -- Chapter 17. Welding and NDT -- Introduction -- 17.1 Pipeline Welding Procedures -- 17.2 Specimen Preparation -- 17.3 Testing -- 17.4 Criteria for Weld Acceptance -- 17.5 Classic Pipeline Welding -- 17.6 Double Joints -- 17.7 Using Higher X-Grade Pipe -- 17.8 Welders' Qualification -- 17.9 Welders' Responsibility -- 17.10 Automatic Pipeline Welding -- 17.11 Verifying Automatic Weld Integrity -- 17.12 Semiautomatic Welding -- 17.13 Strength of Welded Pipelines -- 17.14 Nondestructive Testing of Pipe Girth Welds -- 17.15 Radiographic NDT -- 17.16 Repair of Defect -- 17.17 Welding Rejection Criteria -- References -- Bibliography -- Chapter 18. Hydrostatic Testing -- Introduction, Including Risk-Based Alternatives to Testing -- 18.1 Testing Pipe -- 18.2 Classifying in Service Pipelines -- 18.3 Intrastate Pipelines -- 18.4 Pretest Planning for an Intrastate Pipeline -- 18.5 Test Water Disposal -- 18.6 Safety and Equipment Procedures During Test -- 18.7 Turning and Operating Valves -- 18.8 Training and Judgment -- 18.9 Back to Test Procedure -- 18.10 Pressurization -- 18.11 List of Equipment for Hydrostatic Test -- 18.12 Test On -- 18.13 Posttest Results -- 18.14 Posttest Leak Analysis -- 18.15 Entrained Air and Vapor -- 18.16 Leaking Isolation Valves and Fittings -- 18.17 Changing Test Water Temperature -- 18.18 Posttest Report -- 18.19 Volume Analysis -- 18.20 Testing Interstate Liquid and Natural Gas Transmissions Lines -- 18.21 Test Section 12 -- 18.22 Cross-Country Pipeline Testing -- 18.23 Pipeline Rupture.

References.