Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation's Information Infrastructure -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY-FUNDAMENTAL FOR SOCIETY AND THE ECONOMY NOW AND TOMORROW -- The Basis for Continuing Strength-A Successful Government-Industry Partnership -- Government Support of Research Is Crucial -- THE HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS INITIATIVE -- Goals and Emphases -- High Performance -- Accomplishments to Date -- Evolution -- Organization -- Budget -- THE FUTURE OF THE HPCCI: RECOMMENDATIONS -- General Recommendations -- High Performance Computing -- Networking and Information Infrastructure -- Supercomputer Centers and Grand Challenge Program -- Coordination and Program Management -- NOTES -- 1 U.S. Leadership in Information Technology -- INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IS CENTRAL TO OUR SOCIETY -- INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES RAPIDLY -- RETAINING LEADERSHIP IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IS VITAL TO THE NATION -- THE FEDERAL INVESTMENT IN COMPUTING RESEARCH HAS PAID RICH DIVIDENDS -- CONTINUED FEDERAL INVESTMENT IS NECESSARY TO SUSTAIN OUR LEAD -- TODAY THE HPCCI IS THE UMBRELLA FOR MOST GOVERNMENT-SPONSORED COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH -- NOTES -- 2 The High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative -- HPCCI: GOALS AND EMPHASES -- Basic Objectives -- Teraflop Capability -- High-speed Networks -- Grand Challenges -- Expanded Objectives -- HPCCI ACCOMPLISHMENTS -- The Issue of Measurement -- Better Computing and Computational Infrastructure -- Increasing Researcher-Developer-User Synergy -- Impact of Broad Collaboration -- Transfer of Expertise and Technology -- Impact on Mission Agencies -- Five Gigabit Testbed Projects: Collaboration and Impact -- EVOLUTION OF HPCCI GOALS AND OBJECTIVES -- Improving the Information Infrastructure.

Evolving Research Directions and Relevance for the Information Infrastructure -- Overall Computing and Communications R&D Planning -- Toward a Better Balance -- MOVING FORWARD-BASIC ISSUES -- Balance of Private and Public Investment -- Coordination Versus Management -- Coordinating Structure -- Drawbacks of Centralization -- National Coordination Office -- Budget -- NOTES -- 3 Recommendations -- GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS ON HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING -- RECOMMENDATIONS ON NETWORKING AND INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE -- RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE SUPERCOMPUTER CENTERS AND GRAND CHALLENGE PROGRAM -- RECOMMENDATIONS ON COORDINATION AND PROGRAM MANAGEMENT IN THE HPCCI -- COMMENTS RELATING THIS REPORT'S RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS RE ... -- NOTES -- Bibliography -- Appendixes -- A The High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative: Background -- THE TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC IMPERATIVE FOR PARALLEL COMPUTING -- The United States Needs More Powerful Computers and Communications -- Conventional Supercomputers Face Cost Barriers -- Small Computers Are Becoming Faster, Cheaper, and More Widely Used -- Parallel Computers: High Performance for Radically Lower Cost -- CHALLENGES OF PARALLEL COMPUTING -- Applications -- Hardware Design -- Numerical Algorithms -- Learning New Modes of Thought -- A NEW PARADIGM -- COMPUTER ARCHITECTURES -- Overview -- Sequential, Vector -- Parallel -- Generations of Parallel Computers -- First Commercial Generation: SIMD -- Second Generation: Message-Passing MIMD -- Third Generation: Memory-Sharing MIMD -- Programming -- Algorithms -- A SKETCH OF THE HPCCI'S HISTORY -- Development and Participants -- Concerns Raised in Recent Studies -- GAO Report -- CBO Report -- NOTES -- B High-Performance Communications Technology and Infrastructure.

HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY AND INFRASTRUCTURE ADVANCE -- C Review of the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative Budget -- BUDGET REVIEW -- Commentary: Many Possibilities for Misinterpretation -- NOTES -- D Current High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative Grand Challenge Activities -- NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION -- DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY -- NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION -- NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH -- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY -- ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ADMINISTRATION -- NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION -- E Accomplishments of National Science Foundation Supercomputer Centers -- INTRODUCTION -- IMPORTANT TECHNOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS -- Supercomputer Usage at NSF Centers -- Architectures and Vendors -- Access and New Architectures -- Storage Technologies, File Format, and File Systems -- NSFNET and Networking -- Visualization and Virtual Reality -- Desktop Software, Connectivity, and Collaboration Tools -- ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN EDUCATION AND OUTREACH -- Researchers and Students -- K-12 Educators and Students -- Broad Outreach -- SCIENTIFIC COMPUTATION AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT -- IMPORTANT SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ACCOMPLISHMENTS -- Quantum Physics and Materials Science -- Biology and Medicine -- Engineering -- Earth Sciences and the Environment -- Planetary Sciences, Astronomy, and Cosmology -- F Individuals Providing Briefings to the Committee.