Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Preface -- Important Features of This Book -- The Use of This Book -- Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 History of the Development of Water Treatment -- 1.2 Health and Environmental Concerns -- 1.3 Constituents of Emerging Concern -- 1.4 Evolution of Water Treatment Technology -- 1.5 Selection of Water Treatment Processes -- References -- Chapter 2: Physical and Chemical Quality of Water -- 2.1 Fundamental and Engineering Properties of Water -- 2.2 Units of Expression for Chemical Concentrations -- 2.3 Physical Aggregate Characteristics of Water -- 2.4 Inorganic Chemical Constituents -- 2.5 Organic Chemical Constituents -- 2.6 Taste and Odor -- 2.7 Gases in Water -- 2.8 Radionuclides in Water -- Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 3: Microbiological Quality of Water -- 3.1 Overview of the Microbial World -- 3.2 Pathogens in Drinking Water -- 3.3 Bacteria of Concern in Drinking Water -- 3.4 Viruses of Concern in Drinking Water -- 3.5 Protozoa of Concern in Drinking Water -- 3.6 Helminths of Concern in Drinking Water -- 3.7 Algae of Concern in Drinking Water -- 3.8 Assessing the Presence of Pathogens in Source Water -- Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 4: Water Quality Management Strategies -- 4.1 Objectives of Water Treatment -- 4.2 Regulatory Process for Water Quality -- 4.3 Water Quality Standards and Regulations -- 4.4 Overview of Methods Used to Treat Water -- 4.5 Development of Systems for Water Treatment -- 4.6 Multiple-Barrier Concept -- Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 5: Principles of Chemical Reactions -- 5.1 Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry -- 5.2 Equilibrium Reactions -- 5.3 Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions -- 5.4 Reaction Kinetics -- 5.5 Determination of Reaction Rate Laws.

5.6 Reactions Used in Water Treatment -- Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 6: Principles of Reactor Analysis and Mixing -- 6.1 Types of Reactors Used in Water Treatment -- 6.2 Mass Balance Analysis -- 6.3 Hydraulic Characteristics of Ideal Reactors -- 6.4 Modeling Reactions in Completely Mixed Batch Reactors -- 6.5 Modeling Reactions in Ideal Continuous-Flow Reactors -- 6.6 Using Tracers to Characterize Hydraulic Performance of Nonideal Reactors -- 6.7 Modeling Hydraulic Performance of Nonideal Reactors -- 6.8 Modeling Reactions in Nonideal Reactors -- 6.9 Using Tracer Curves to Model Reactions in Reactors -- 6.10 Mixing Theory and Practice -- Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 7: Principles of Mass Transfer -- 7.1 Introduction to Mass Transfer -- 7.2 Molecular Diffusion -- 7.3 Sources for Diffusion Coefficients -- 7.4 Models for Mass Transfer at an Interface -- 7.5 Correlations for Mass Transfer Coefficients at an Interface -- 7.6 Design of Treatment Systems Controlled by Mass Transfer -- 7.7 Evaluating the Concentration Gradient with Operating Diagrams -- 7.8 Mass Transfer across a Gas-Liquid Interface -- 7.9 Enhancement of Mass Transfer across an Interface by Chemical Reactions -- Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 8: Chemical Oxidation and Reduction -- 8.1 Introduction to Use of Oxidation Processes in Water Treatment -- 8.2 Fundamentals of Chemical Oxidation and Reduction -- 8.3 Conventional Chemical Oxidants -- 8.4 Photolysis -- Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 9: Coagulation and Flocculation -- 9.1 Role of Coagulation and Flocculation Processes in Water Treatment -- 9.2 Stability of Particles in Water -- 9.3 Coagulation Theory -- 9.4 Coagulation Practice -- 9.5 Coagulation of Dissolved Constituents -- 9.6 Flocculation Theory -- 9.7 Flocculation Practice.

Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 10: Gravity Separation -- 10.1 Classification of Particles for Settling -- 10.2 Principles of Discrete (Type I) Particle Settling -- 10.3 Discrete Settling in Ideal Sedimentation Basins -- 10.4 Principles of Flocculant (Type II) Settling -- 10.5 Principles of Hindered (Type III) Settling -- 10.6 Conventional Sedimentation Basin Design -- 10.7 High-Rate Sedimentation Processes -- 10.8 Physical Factors Affecting Sedimentation -- 10.9 Dissolved Air Flotation -- Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 11: Granular Filtration -- 11.1 Brief History of Filtration -- 11.2 Principal Features of Rapid Filtration -- 11.3 Properties of Granular Filter Media -- 11.4 Hydraulics of Flow through Granular Media -- 11.5 Particle Removal in Rapid Filtration -- 11.6 Rapid Filter Design -- 11.7 Rapid Filter Design Example -- 11.8 Other Filtration Technologies and Options -- Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 12: Membrane Filtration -- 12.1 Classification of Membrane Processes -- 12.2 History of Membrane Filtration in Water Treatment -- 12.3 Principal Features of Membrane Filtration Equipment and Operation -- 12.4 Properties of Membrane Materials -- 12.5 Particle Capture in Membrane Filtration -- 12.6 Hydraulics of Flow through Membrane Filters -- 12.7 Membrane Fouling -- 12.8 Process Design -- Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 13: Disinfection -- 13.1 Historical Perspective -- 13.2 Methods of Disinfection Commonly Used in Water Treatment -- 13.3 Disinfection Kinetics -- 13.4 Disinfection Kinetics in Nonideal Flow-Through Reactors -- 13.5 Disinfection with Free and Combined Chlorine -- 13.6 Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide -- 13.7 Disinfection with Ozone -- 13.8 Design of Disinfection Contactors with Low Dispersion.

13.9 Disinfection with Ultraviolet Light -- Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 14: Air Stripping and Aeration -- 14.1 Introduction to Air Stripping and Aeration -- 14.2 Gas-Liquid Equilibrium -- 14.3 Classification of Air-Stripping and Aeration Systems -- 14.4 Fundamentals of Packed-Tower Air Stripping -- 14.5 Analysis and Design of Packed-Tower Air Stripping -- 14.6 Analysis of Low-Profile Air Strippers -- 14.7 Analysis of Spray Aerators -- 14.8 Other Air-Stripping and Aeration Processes -- Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 15: Adsorption -- 15.1 Introduction to Adsorption Phenomena -- 15.2 Manufacture, Regeneration, and Reactivation of Activated Carbon -- 15.3 Fundamentals of Adsorption -- 15.4 Development of Isotherms and Equations Used to Describe Adsorption Equilibrium -- 15.5 Powdered Activated Carbon -- 15.6 Granular Activated Carbon -- Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 16: Ion Exchange -- 16.1 Evolution of Ion Exchange Technology -- 16.2 Synthetic Ion Exchange Media -- 16.3 Properties of Ion Exchange Media -- 16.4 Ion Exchange Equilibrium -- 16.5 Ion Exchange Kinetics -- 16.6 Ion Exchange Process Configurations -- 16.7 Engineering Considerations in Ion Exchange Process Design -- 16.8 Ion Exchange Process Design Case Study -- Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 17: Reverse Osmosis -- 17.1 Classification of Membrane Processes -- 17.2 Applications for Reverse Osmosis -- 17.3 History of Reverse Osmosis in Water Treatment -- 17.4 Reverse Osmosis Process Description -- 17.5 Reverse Osmosis Fundamentals -- 17.6 Fouling and Scaling -- 17.7 Reverse Osmosis Process Design -- Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 18: Advanced Oxidation -- 18.1 Introduction to Advanced Oxidation -- 18.2 Ozonation as an Advanced Oxidation Process.

18.3 Hydrogen Peroxide/Ozone Process for Potable Water -- 18.4 Hydrogen Peroxide/UV Light Process -- 18.5 Other Advanced Oxidation Processes -- Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 19: Disinfection/Oxidation By-products -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Free-Chlorine By-products -- 19.3 Chloramine By-products -- 19.4 Chlorine Dioxide By-products -- 19.5 Ozone By-products -- Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 20: Removal of Selected Constituents -- 20.1 Traditional, Nontraditional, and Emerging Constituents -- 20.2 Arsenic -- 20.3 Iron and Manganese Removal -- 20.4 Softening -- 20.5 Nitrate -- 20.6 Radionuclides -- 20.7 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products -- Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 21: Residuals Management -- 21.1 Defining the Problem -- 21.2 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Residuals -- 21.3 Alum and Iron Coagulation Sludges -- 21.4 Lime Precipitation Sludges -- 21.5 Diatomaceous Earth Sludges -- 21.6 Granular and Membrane Filter Waste Washwater -- 21.7 Reverse Osmosis Concentrate -- 21.8 Ion Exchange Brine -- 21.9 Solid Sorbent Brines and Washwater -- 21.10 Management of Residual Liquid Streams -- 21.11 Management of Membrane Concentrates and Cleaning Solutions -- 21.12 Management of Ion Exchange Brines -- 21.13 Management of Brines and Washwater from Sorption Processes -- 21.14 Management of Residual Sludges -- 21.15 Ultimate Reuse and Disposal of Semisolid Residuals -- 21.16 Management of Spent Solid Sorbents -- 21.17 Process Selection -- Problems and Discussion Topics -- References -- Chapter 22: Internal Corrosion of Water Conduits -- 22.1 Materials Used to Transport, Distribute, and Store Water -- 22.2 Thermodynamics of Metallic Corrosion -- 22.3 Electrokinetics of Metallic Corrosion -- 22.4 Application of Electrokinetics.

22.5 Microbiologically Induced Corrosion.