Functional Nanostructured Materials and Membranes for Water Treatment -- Contents -- Foreword -- Series Editor Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Series Editor -- About the Volume Editors -- List of Contributors -- 1 Target Areas for Nanotechnology Development for Water Treatment and Desalination -- 1.1 The Future of Water Treatment: Where Should We Target Our Efforts? -- 1.2 Practical Considerations for Nanotechnology Developers -- 1.3 The Water Treatment Market for New Nanotechnology -- 1.4 Purpose of This Book -- 1.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 2 Destruction of Organics in Water via Iron Nanoparticles -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nanoparticles as Catalysts -- 2.2.1 Colloidal Nanoparticles -- 2.2.2 Supported Nanoparticles -- 2.3 Advanced Oxidation Processes -- 2.3.1 Fenton-Like Reactions -- 2.3.1.1 Iron Oxide as Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst -- 2.3.2 Photo-Fenton Reactions -- 2.3.3 Nanocatalytic Wet Oxidation -- 2.4 Nano Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI) -- 2.4.1 Synthesizing Methods -- 2.4.1.1 Emulsified Zero-Valent Iron -- 2.4.2 Degradation Mechanism -- 2.4.3 Field Application of nZVI -- 2.5 Bimetallic nZVI Nanoparticles -- 2.6 Summary -- References -- 3 Photocatalysis at Nanostructured Titania for Sensing Applications -- 3.1 Background -- 3.1.1 Photocatalysis at TiO2 Nanomaterials -- 3.1.2 Photoelectrocatalysis at TiO2 Nanomaterials -- 3.2 Fabrication of TiO2 Photoanodes -- 3.2.1 Common Fabrication Techniques and Substrates for Photoanodes -- 3.2.2 TiO2/BDD Photoanode -- 3.2.3 TiO2 Mixed-Phase Photoanode -- 3.2.4 CNTs/TiO2 Composite Photoanode -- 3.3 The Sensing Application of TiO2 Photocatalysis -- 3.3.1 Photocatalytic Determination of TOC -- 3.3.2 Photocatalytic Determination of COD -- 3.4 The Sensing Application of TiO2 Photoelectrocatalysis -- 3.4.1 Probe-Type TiO2 Photoanode for Determination of COD.

3.4.2 Exhaustive Degradation Mode for Determination of COD -- 3.4.3 Partial Oxidation Mode for Determination of COD -- 3.4.4 UV-LED for Miniature Photoelectrochemical Detectors -- 3.4.5 Photoelectrochemical Universal Detector for Organic Compounds -- 3.5 Photocatalytic Gas Sensing -- 3.5.1 The Photoelectrocatalytic Generation of Analytical Signal -- 3.5.2 Photocatalytic Surface Self-Cleaning for Enhancement of Analytical Signal -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Mesoporous Materials for Water Treatment -- 4.1 Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions -- 4.2 Adsorption of Anions -- 4.3 Adsorption of Organic Pollutants -- 4.4 Multifunctional Modification of Sorbents -- 4.5 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants -- 4.6 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Membrane Surface Nanostructuring with Terminally Anchored Polymer Chains -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Membrane Fouling -- 5.3 Strategies for Mitigation of Membrane Fouling and Scaling -- 5.4 Membrane Surface Structuring via Graft Polymerization -- 5.4.1 Overview -- 5.4.2 Reaction Schemes for Graft Polymerization -- 5.4.3 Surface Activation with Vinyl Monomers -- 5.4.4 Surface Activation with Chemical Initiators -- 5.4.5 Irradiation-Induced Graft Polymerization -- 5.4.5.1 Gamma-Induced Graft Polymerization -- 5.4.5.2 UV-Induced Graft Polymerization -- 5.4.6 Plasma-Initiated Graft Polymerization -- 5.5 Summary -- References -- 6 Recent Advances in Ion Exchange Membranes for Desalination Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Fundamentals of IEMs and Their Transport Phenomena -- 6.2.1 Ion Transport through IEMs -- 6.2.2 Concentration Polarization and Limiting Current Density -- 6.2.2.1 The Overlimiting Current Density -- 6.2.2.2 Water Dissociation -- 6.2.2.3 Gravitational Convection -- 6.2.2.4 Electroconvection -- 6.2.3 Structure and Surface Heterogeneity of IEMs.

6.3 Material Development -- 6.3.1 The Development of Polymer-Based IEMs -- 6.3.1.1 Direct Modification of Polymer Backbone -- 6.3.1.2 Direct Polymerization from Monomer Units -- 6.3.1.3 Charge Induced on the Film Membranes -- 6.3.2 Composite Ion Exchange Membranes -- 6.3.3 Membranes with Specific Properties -- 6.3.3.1 Improving Antifouling Property -- 6.4 Future Perspectives of IEMs -- 6.4.1 Hybrid System -- 6.4.2 Small-Scale Seawater Desalination -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Thin Film Nanocomposite Membranes for Water Desalination -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Fabrication and Characterization of Inorganic Fillers -- 7.3 Fabrication and Characterization of TFC/TFN Membranes -- 7.3.1 Interfacial Polymerization -- 7.3.2 Interfacial Polymerization with Inorganic Fillers -- 7.3.3 Characterization of TFN or TFC Membranes -- 7.4 Membrane Properties Tailored by the Addition of Fillers -- 7.4.1 Water Permeability and Salt Rejection -- 7.4.2 Fouling Resistance, Chlorine Stability, and Other Properties -- 7.5 Commercialization and Future Developments of TFN Membranes -- 7.6 Summary -- References -- 8 Application of Ceramic Membranes in the Treatment of Water -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Membrane Preparation -- 8.2.1 Extrusion -- 8.2.2 Sol-Gel Process -- 8.3 Clarification of Surface Water and Seawater Using Ceramic Membranes -- 8.3.1 Ceramic Membrane Microfiltration of Surface Water -- 8.3.1.1 Pretreatment with Flocculation/Coagulation -- 8.3.1.2 Effect of Transmembrane Pressure (TMP) and Cross-Flow Velocity (CFV) -- 8.3.1.3 Ultrasound Cleaning -- 8.3.1.4 Hybrid Ozonation-Ceramic Ultrafiltration -- 8.3.1.5 Ceramic Membrane Applications for Industrial-Scale Waterworks -- 8.3.2 Pretreatment of Seawater RO Using Ceramic Membranes -- 8.3.2.1 Effect of Operational Parameters -- 8.3.2.2 Ceramic Membrane Application for the Industrial-Scale SWRO Plant.

8.4 Ceramic Membrane Application in the Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration of Wastewater -- 8.4.1 Microstructure of the Membranes -- 8.4.2 Surface Properties of Ceramic Membranes -- 8.4.2.1 Wettability -- 8.4.2.2 Surface Charge Properties -- 8.4.2.3 Technical Process -- 8.4.2.4 Cost -- 8.5 Conclusions and Prospects -- References -- 9 Functional Zeolitic Framework Membranes for Water Treatment and Desalination -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Preparation of Zeolite Membranes -- 9.2.1 Direct In situ Crystallization -- 9.2.2 Seeded Secondary Growth -- 9.2.3 Microwave Synthesis -- 9.2.4 Postsynthetic Treatment -- 9.3 Zeolite Membranes for Water Treatment -- 9.3.1 Zeolite Membranes for Desalination -- 9.3.2 Zeolite Membranes for Wastewater Treatment -- 9.3.3 Zeolite Membrane-Based Reactors for Wastewater Treatment -- 9.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Molecular Scale Modeling of Membrane Water Treatment Processes -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Molecular Simulations of Polymeric Membrane Materials for Water Treatment Applications -- 10.2.1 RO Membranes: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties -- 10.2.2 Strategies for Modeling Polymer Membranes -- 10.2.3 Simulation of Water and Solute Transport Behaviors -- 10.2.4 Concluding Remarks -- 10.3 Molecular Simulation of Inorganic Desalination Membranes -- 10.3.1 Modeling of Zeolites -- 10.3.2 Behavior of Water within Zeolites -- 10.3.3 Zeolites and Salt Ions -- 10.3.4 Concluding Remarks -- 10.4 Molecular Simulation of Membrane Fouling -- 10.4.1 Molecular Modeling of Potential Organic Foulants -- 10.4.2 Modeling of Membrane Fouling -- 10.4.3 Future Directions -- 10.4.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 11 Conclusions: Some Potential Future Nanotechnologies for Water Treatment -- 11.1 Nanotubes -- 11.1.1 Fast Molecular Flow -- 11.1.2 CNTs as High Strength Fibers.

11.1.3 High Aspect Ratio -- 11.1.4 Electrical Conductivity -- 11.2 Graphene -- 11.2.1 Graphene Barrier Material -- 11.2.2 Desalination and Heavy Metal Adsorption -- 11.2.3 Catalytic Assistance -- 11.3 Aquaporins -- 11.4 Metal-Organic, Zeolitic Imidazolate, and Polymer Organic Frameworks -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- Index.