Front Cover -- CHEMISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ABOUT THE AUTHORS -- Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 General -- 1.2 Pollution and Environment Problems -- 1.3 Waste Disposal -- 1.4 Risk -- 1.5 Energy -- 1.6 Population -- 1.7 The Scope of Chemistry of the environment -- Additional Reading -- Chapter 2. ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND BEHAVIOR -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Gaseous Constituents of the Atmosphere -- 2.3 History of the Atmosphere -- 2.4 Particulate Constituents of the Atmosphere -- 2.5 Extent of the Atmosphere and Its Temperature and Pressure Profile -- 2.6 General Circulation of the Atmosphere -- 2.7 Conclusion -- Additional Reading -- Exercises -- Chapter 3. ENERGY AND CLIMATE -- 3.1 Energy Balance of the Earth -- 3.2 Climate History of the Earth -- 3.3 Causes of Global Climate Changes -- 3.4 Small-Scale Climate -- 3.5 Temperature Inversions -- 3.6 Conclusions -- Additional Reading -- Exercises -- Chapter 4. PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Electromegnetic Rediation -- 4.3 Kinetics of Thermal Processes -- 4.4 Kinetics of Photochemical Processes -- Chapter 5. ATMOSPHERIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Reactions in the Upper Atmosphere -- 5.3 Photoprocesses in the Troposphere: Photochemical Smog -- Additional Reading -- Exercises -- Chapter 6. PETROLEUM, HYDROCARBONS, AND COAL -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Nature of Petroleum -- 6.3 Sources of Crude Oil and Hydrocarbons in Marine Environments -- 6.4 Fate of an Oil Spill -- 6.5 Effects of Crude Oil on Marine Life -- 6.6 Use to Petroleum in the Internal Combustion Engine -- 6.7 Sources of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds in the Atmosphere -- 6.8 The Air Pollution Problem in Urban Centers -- 6.9 Coal -- Additional Reading -- Exercises -- Chapter 7. SOAPS, SYNTHETIC SURFACTANTS, AND POLYMERS -- 7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Soaps and Synthetic Surfactants -- 7.3 Polymers -- 7.4 Conclusions -- Additional Reading -- Exercises -- Chapter 8. HALOORGANICS AND PESTICIDES -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Environmental Degradation -- 8.3 Chemistry of Chlorinated Organic Compounds -- 8.4 Microbial Degradation of Organics -- 8.5 Toxicity -- 8.6 Chlorofluorocarbons, Hydrofluorocarbons, and Perhalogenated Organics -- 8.7 Polychlorinted and Polybromineted Biphenyls -- 8.8 DDT and Its Degradation Products -- 8.9 Other Chlorooganic Pesticides -- 8.10 Herbicides: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid -- 8.11 Organophosphorus Insecticides -- 8.12 Resistance: The Bugs Flight Back -- 8.13 Biochemical Methods of Insect Control -- 8.14 Integrated Pest Management -- 8.15 Proposed Phaseout of All Chlorine-Containing Compounds -- Additional Reading -- Exercises -- Chapter 9. CHEMISTRY IN AQUEOUS MEDIA -- 9.1 Whater in the Environment -- 9.2 Acid-Base Reactions -- 9.3 Effects of Temperature and Pressure Effects on Equilibrium -- 9.4 Oxidation-Reduction Processes -- 9.5 Coordination Chemistry -- 9.6 Colloidal Material -- 9.7 Adsorption and Ion Exchange -- 9.8 Conclusion -- Additional Reading -- Exercises -- Chapter 10. THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY OF SOME IMPORTANT ELEMENTS -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Carbon Cycle, CO2, and Carbonates -- 10.3 Nitrogen -- 10.4 Sulfur and the Slfure Cycle -- 10.5 Phosphorus, Fertilizers,and Eutrophication -- 10.6 Biologically Important Metals and Other Elements -- 10.7 Summary -- Additional Reading -- Exercises -- Chapter 11. WATER SYSTEMS AND WATER TREATMENT -- 11.1 Composition of Water Bodies -- 11.2 Model Ocean Systems -- 11.3 Residence Times -- 11.4 Acid Rain -- 11.5 Water Treatment -- 11.6 Anaerobic Systems -- 11.7 Irrigation Waters -- Additional Reading -- Exercises -- Chapter 12. THE EARTH'S CRUST -- 12.1 Rocks and Minerals.

12.2 Recovery of Minerals from Their Ores -- 12.3 Soils -- 12.4 Nonmetallic Materials from the Earth -- Additional Reading -- Exercises -- Chapter 13. PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS OF ATOMIC NUCLEI, RADIOACTIVITY, AND IONIZING RADIATION -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The Atomic Nucleus -- 13.3 Energetics of Nuclear Reactions -- 13.4 The kinetics of Nuclear Reactions -- 13.5 Modes and Energetics of Radioactive Decay -- 13.6 Selected Induced Nuclear Reactions -- 13.7 Interaction of lonizing Radiation With Matter -- 13.8 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Biological Cells -- 13.9 Classification of health Effects of lonizing Radiation -- 13.10 Units of Exposure and Dose for lonizing Radiation -- 13.11 Estimation of Exposure Rate from Gamma-Ray Sources -- 13.12 Estimation of Dose Rate Based on Source Characteristics -- 13.13 Specific Health Effects -- 13.14 Correlation between Dose and Effect -- Additional Reading -- Exercises -- Chapter 14. THE NUCLEAR ENVIRONMENT -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Cosmic Radiation -- 14.3 Naturally Occurring Sources of Redioactivity in the Environment -- 14.4 Distribution of Naturally Occurring Radioactivity in the Enviroment -- 14.5 Applications of Naturally Occurring Stable Nuclides and Radionuclides to the Study of Earth and Its Environment -- 14.6 Spacial-Purpose Sources of lonizing Radiation in the Environment: Types and Applications -- 14.7 Nuclear Fission Power Plants -- 14.8 Natural Fission Reactors( The Oklo Phenomenon) -- 14.9 Thermonuclear Power Plants -- 14.10 Cold Fusion -- 14.11 Nuclear Weapons -- 14.12 Radioactive Waste -- 14.13 Pathways for Internal Exposure to lonizing Radiation -- 14.14 Dose of lonizing Radiation Received by the U S. Population -- 14.15 Regulatory Limits for Radiation Received by Radiation Workers and the General Population.

14.16 Examples of Accidents and Incidents Involving the Release of Radionuclides into the Enviroment -- Additional Reading -- Exercises -- Chapter 15. ENERGY -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Thermodynamic Considerations -- 15.3 Fossil Fuels -- 15.4 Nuclear Energy -- 15.5 Solar Energy -- 15.6 Geothermal Energy -- 15.7 Wind and Water -- 15.8 Energy Storage -- 15.9 Direct Generation of Electricity forme Fuels -- 15.10 The Energy Future -- Additional Reading -- Exercises -- Chapter 16. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Landfills -- 16.3 Composting -- 16.4 Anaerobic Digestion of Biological Wastes -- 16.5 Incineration -- 16.6 The Tire Problem -- 16.7 Recycling -- Additional Reading -- APPENDIX A: DESIGNATION OF SPECTROSCOPIC STATES -- A.1 Introduction -- A.2 Atoms -- A.3 Diatomic Molecules -- A.4 Polyatomic Molecules -- Additional Reading -- APPENDIX B: THORIUM AND ACTIUM SERIES -- APPENDIX C: UNITS -- APPENDIX D: SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- INDEX.