Controlling Hydrocarbon Emissions from Tank Vessel Loading -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Contents -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- THE FEASIBILITY OF VAPOR CONTROL -- SAFETY AND OPERATIONAL COMPLEXITY -- COSTS AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS -- POTENTIAL REGULATORY CONFLICT -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- LAWS AND REGULATIONS CONCERNING AIR QUALITY AND MARITIME SAFETY -- The Clean Air Act and the States -- Coast Guard Authority in Marine Safety -- ESTIMATING EMISSIONS -- Sources of Emissions -- Emission Factors -- Vessel Population -- Trade -- Emissions Calculations -- Locations of Emissions -- Loading Ports for Domestic Oil and Gasoline -- Loading Ports for Crude Oil and Gasoline Exports -- FOCUS FOR ASSESSMENT -- 2 CURRENT PRACTICES ON TANK VESSELS -- INLAND TANK BARGES -- Cargo Handling -- Manning Requirements for Loading and Unloading -- Loading and Discharging Procedures -- TANKSHIPS -- Arrangement of Typical Tankship -- Combination Carriers -- Ocean Barges -- Cargo Tank and Pipeline Arrangements -- Product and Chemical Carriers -- Crude Carriers -- Cargo Pumps -- Tank Ventilation -- Inert Gas Systems -- Ballast Arrangements -- Segregated Ballast Tanks -- Clean Ballast Tanks -- Ballast in Cargo Tanks -- Ullaging During Loading and Discharging -- Manning and Personnel -- Deck and Engine Officers -- Unlicensed Personnel -- Loading Procedures -- Unloading Procedures -- Washing Cargo Tanks -- Water Washing -- Crude Oil Washing -- 3 VAPOR CONTROL TECHNOLOGY -- MAXIMUM CONTROL OF EMISSIONS -- Closed Loading of Tank Vessels -- Hydrocarbon Vapor Recovery and Disposal Systems -- When Combustion Is Preferable to Recovery -- When Recovery Is Preferable to Combustion -- Recovery Followed by Combustion -- Combustion Processes -- Open Flares -- Enclosed Flares -- Incineration -- Recovery Processes -- Lean Oil Absorption.

Direct Refrigeration -- Carbon Bed Adsorption -- Alternative and Emerging Technologies -- Catalytic Combustion -- Vapor-Suppressing Foams -- Molecular Layer Vapor Barrier -- Biofiltration -- Membrane Separation -- VAPOR BALANCING AS AN ADJUNCT TO VAPOR CONTROL -- OPERATING PROCEDURES TO REDUCE EMISSIONS FROM TANKSHIPS -- Ballasting Emissions -- Loading Emissions -- Loading into Gas-Free Cargo Tanks -- Loading to 70 Percent of Capacity -- HYDROCARBON VAPOR CONTROL SYSTEMS: ASSUMPTIONS FOR PURPOSES OF ASSESSMENT -- Vapor Collection Headers -- Tank Gauging and Alarms for Inerted Tank Vessels -- Special Considerations for Tank Vessel Inert Gas Systems -- Dockside Tank Level and Alarm System for Tank Barge Loading -- Vapor-Handling System for Terminals -- 4 SAFETY CONCERNS -- ACCIDENT SCENARIOS -- HISTORICAL ACCIDENT DATA -- General Marine Liquid Transfer Accident Data -- Marine Liquid Transfer Accidents with Vapor Control and Recovery Systems -- Vapor Control and Recovery Systems in the Petrochemical Industry -- POTENTIAL HAZARDS OF VAPOR CONTROL AND RECOVERY SYSTEMS -- General Hazards -- Specific Hazards of Vapor Control and Recovery Systems -- Vapor Balancing -- Carbon Adsorption -- Combustion Systems -- Absorption -- Refrigeration -- TECHNOLOGIES TO REDUCE THE RISK OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION -- Inerting or Enrichment of Vapors -- Passive Safety Devices -- MITIGATION MEASURES -- RISK ANALYSIS -- Secondary Impacts -- 5 COST-EFFECTIVENESS -- THE COST OF CONTROL -- Capital Cost Estimates -- Case 1 -- Case 2 -- Case 3 -- Case 4 -- Case 5 -- Case 6 -- Case 7 -- Operating and Maintenance Cost Estimates -- OPERATING COST ESTIMATES FOR INLAND BARGES -- COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF HYDROCARBON VAPOR EMISSION CONTROLS AT MARINE LOADING TERMINALS IN TEXAS -- Methodology for Selecting Terminals -- Cost of Control at Terminals -- Cost of Control on Vessels.

Control Effectiveness -- Cost-Effectiveness at Selected Texas Terminals -- Other Costs Not Accounted For -- COST-EFFECTIVENESS AS A FUNCTION OF TERMINAL THROUGHPUT -- Capital and Operating Costs for Control System at Terminal -- Vessel Retrofit Costs -- Emission Factors -- Cost-Effectiveness Curves -- COST-EFFECTIVENESS COMPARED TO CONTROL OF OTHER VOC SOURCES -- 6 CONSIDERATIONS IN DEVELOPING NEW POLICY -- FEDERAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AUTHORITY: THE CLEAN AIR ACT -- FEDERAL MARINE SAFETY REGULATORY AUTHORITY -- SAFETY AND OPERATIONAL COMPLEXITY -- ENERGY CONSERVATION AND THE CHOICE OF CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES -- INTERNATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS -- IMPACTS ON COMMERCE -- REGULATORY ALTERNATIVES -- Status Quo -- Direct Federal Preemption -- Coordinated Federal Regulatory Development Program -- 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- APPENDIX A BIOGRAPHIES OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS -- APPENDIX B STATUS OF STATE AND LOCAL VAPOR CONTROL REQUIREMENTS AFFECTING MARITIME OPERATIONS -- SUMMARY OF AFFIRMATIVE RESPONSES TO QUESTIONS 1 AND 2 -- Alaska -- South Coast Air Quality Management District -- Bay Area Air Quality Management District -- Florida -- Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Agency -- State of Michigan Department of Natural Resources -- Wayne County, Detroit, Michigan -- RESPONSES TO QUESTION 5 -- California -- Bay Area Air Quality Management District, California -- South Coast Air Quality Management District, California -- Connecticut -- Illinois -- Jefferson County, Louisville, Kentucky -- Louisiana -- Maryland -- Wayne County, Detroit, Michigan -- Ohio -- Pennsylvania -- Philadelphia, Pennsylvania -- Texas -- Houston, Texas -- Puget Sound, Washington -- RESPONSES TO QUESTION 6: OTHER COMMENTS -- Alabama -- Anchorage, Alaska -- Bay Area Air Quality Management District, California -- Connecticut -- Kentucky -- Louisiana -- Maryland.

Texas -- Puget Sound, Washington -- APPENDIX C LEGAL ISSUES AFFECTING REGULATION OF VESSEL CARGO VAPOR EMISSIONS -- SURVEY AND STRUCTURE OF LEGAL AUTHORITIES -- The Clean Air Act -- Air Quality Control Regions -- Air Quality Criteria -- National Ambient Air Quality Standards -- State Implementation Plans -- Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources -- Hazardous Air Pollutants -- Prevention of Significant Deterioration -- Nonattainment of the NAAQS -- Emissions Trading Policy -- Deadlines for Attainment -- Litigation Involving Ozone Attainment -- Clean Air Act Treatment of Vessel Emissions -- Regulation Under the NRDC Case -- Direct Regulation of Vessels by States -- State Activity Pursuant to the CAA -- California -- Florida -- Illinois -- Maryland -- New Jersey -- Ohio -- Pennsylvania -- Texas -- Virginia -- Other States -- Domestic Marine Safety Laws -- Coast Guard Statutory Authority -- Port and Tanker Safety Act of 1978 -- International Marine Safety and Pollution Conventions -- The Role of IMO in U.S. Maritime Law -- International Vapor Recovery Activity -- ANALYSIS OF OVERLAPPING INTERESTS -- The Relation Between Coast Guard and EPA Authority -- The Relation Between EPA and State Authority -- The Clean Air Act: Silent on Vessels -- Conditional EPA Approval: Jurisdictional Doubts -- The Relation Between Coast Guard and State Authority -- The Supremacy Clause -- The Commerce Clause -- International Considerations -- Regulation of Foreign Commerce: More Rigorous Scrutiny -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- GLOSSARY OF TERMS -- COAST GUARD SPONSORED RESEARCH STUDIES -- APPENDIX D CALCULATIONS OF VESSEL EMISSIONS -- CRUDE OIL EMISSIONS -- GASOLINE EMISSIONS -- CRUDE TAR, OIL AND GAS PRODUCT EMISSIONS -- EMISSIONS FROM ALCOHOLS -- BASIC CHEMICALS EMISSIONS -- EMISSIONS FROM MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS -- JET FUEL EMISSIONS -- KEROSENE EMISSIONS.

DISTILLATE (LIGHT) FUEL OIL EMISSIONS -- RESIDUAL (HEAVY) FUEL OIL EMISSIONS -- LUBE OIL EMISSIONS -- EMISSIONS FROM NAPHTHAS AND SOLVENTS -- APPENDIX E TANK BARGE SURVEILLANCE--AN OVERVIEW -- APPENDIX F LOADING OPERATION OF STRAIGHT CARGO GASOLINE INTO BARGES WITH DEEPWELL PUMPS -- APPENDIX G CALCULATIONS OF COST-EFFECTIVENESS AS A FUNCTION OF TERMINAL THROUGHPUT -- SYSTEM ASSUMPTIONS -- CALCULATION APPROACH -- CALCULATED RESULTS -- REFERENCE.