Marine Pollution and Human Health -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Marine Environment and Human Health: An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Conceptual Framework -- 3 Issues addressed in this Book -- 3.1 Pathogens -- 3.2 Pollutants -- 3.3 Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) -- 3.4 Public Health and Wellbeing -- 3.5 Scientific Challenges and Policy Needs -- 4 Towards a Systems Approach -- References -- Waterborne Pathogens -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Human Pathogens in the Marine Environment -- 2.1 Pathogens Introduced to the Oceans -- 2.2 Pathogens Indigenous to the Oceans -- 2.3 Differentiating Pathogenic from Non-Pathogenic Microbes -- 2.4 Pathogen Distribution -- 2.5 Pathogen Detection -- 3 Fecal Indicator Bacteria -- 3.1 Development and Usage -- 3.2 Limitations -- 4 Alternative Measures of Microbial Quality -- 4.1 The Ideal Indicator -- 4.2 Alternative Indicators -- 4.3 Microbial Source Tracking -- 5 Molecular Methods: A Revolution in Detection Technologies -- 6 Epidemiological Studies: Linking Microbial Measures to Human Health -- 7 Modeling Pathogens in Marine Waters -- 7.1 Modeling Aquatic Pathogens: The Example of Vibrios -- 7.2 Coupling Modeling and Remote Sensing -- 7.3 Use of Models in Management: Fecal Indicator Bacteria -- 8 The Future of Beach Regulation -- References -- Estuarine and Marine Pollutants -- 1 Context -- 2 Public Perception -- 3 Priority Substances and Legislation -- 4 Emerging Contaminants -- 4.1 Industrial Emerging Contaminants -- 4.2 Other Emerging Contaminants -- 5 Nanoparticles -- 5.1 Sources and Environmental Behaviour -- 6 Plastics -- 7 Complex Mixtures: Causality of Effects -- 8 Climate Change and Pollutants -- 9 Future Issues -- References -- Harmful Algal Blooms -- 1 Phytoplankton -- 1.1 Harmful Phytoplankton -- 1.2 Mechanisms of Harm to Human Health -- 1.3 The Scale of the Problem -- 2 Human Health Syndromes.

2.1 Shellfish Poisoning -- 2.2 Causative Organisms and Toxins -- 2.2.1 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) -- 2.2.2 Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) -- 2.2.3 Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) -- 2.2.4 Other Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins (LSTs) -- 2.2.5 Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) -- 2.3 Respiratory Illness -- 2.4 Fish Vectored Illness -- 2.5 Cyanobacteria -- 2.6 The Role of Harmful Phytoplankton in Influencing Human Wellbeing -- 2.6.1 Microflagellates -- 2.6.2 Other Dinoflagellates -- 2.6.3 Diatoms -- 3 Harmful Algal Blooms in UK Coastal Waters -- 3.1 Shellfish Poisoning -- 3.1.1 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) -- 3.1.2 Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) -- 3.1.3 Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) -- 3.1.4 Azaspiracid Poisoning (AZP) -- 3.2 Other Harmful Phytoplankton in UK Waters -- 3.2.1 Karenia mikimotoi -- 3.2.2 Other Dinoflagellates -- 3.2.3 Phaeocystis -- 3.2.4 Microflagellates -- 3.2.5 Diatoms and Silicoflagellates -- 3.2.6 Other Species of Pelagic Microplankton -- 4 Safeguarding Health -- 4.1 Monitoring -- 4.2 Are Algal Toxins a Public Health Problem? -- 4.3 Early Warning Methodologies and Mitigation -- 4.4 Introductions and Transfers of New Species -- 4.5 Climate Change -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Scientific Challenges and Policy Needs -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Key Science Challenges for Marine Environment and Human Health -- 2.1 Linking Ecosystem Integrity, Ecosystem Services and Human Health -- 2.2 Sustainable Industrial Development -- 2.3 Understanding and Mitigating the Impacts of Climate Change -- 2.4 Better Prediction Systems for Natural Disasters -- 2.5 Understanding the Distribution and Risks of Marine Biogenic Toxins (Algal Toxins) -- 2.6 Identifying and Reducing Viral and Bacterial Pathogens from Sewage and Agricultural Run-Off.

2.7 Understanding Emerging Risks (e.g. Nanoparticulates from Industrial and Domestic Use) -- 2.8 Conventional Chemical Inputs (Industrial, Domestic, Agricultural and Road Run-Off), including Personal Care Products, Disinfectants, Pharmaceuticals, Novel Chemicals and Radionuclides -- 2.9 Endocrine Disruption -- 2.10 Pharmaceuticals from the Sea -- 2.11 The Marine Environment as a Health and Wellbeing Resource: the 'Blue Gym' Effect -- 3 Public Health Needs -- 3.1 Health-Related Indices of Environmental Impact -- 3.2 Seafood Safety -- 3.3 Environmental, Social and Economic Interactions (Quality of Governance, Overpopulation and Sustaining Critical Coastal Ecosystems) -- 3.4 Modelling - Need for an Integrated Approach in the Development of Effective Environmental and Public Health Policies on a Regional and Global Scale -- 4 Policy Needs -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Subject Index.