PURPOSEFUL JETTISON OF PETROLEUM CARGO -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- Contents -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- JETTISON REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- SUMMARY OF SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS -- History and Technical Background -- Legal Problems Concerning Jettison -- OTHER COMMENTS -- Considerations in Making Time-Critical Decisions -- Panel #1: Decision-Making Criteria -- Panel #2: A Regional Response Team's Decision-Making Exercise -- ANALYSIS OF KEY ISSUES -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE ON MARINE SALVAGE ISSUES -- OPENING OF THE SYMPOSIUM AND WELCOME FROM SPONSORS -- SYMPOSIUM OBJECTIVES AND ORGANIZATION -- WELCOME ADDRESS FROM THE U.S. COAST GUARD -- WELCOME ADDRESS FROM THE U.S. NAVY SUPERVISOR OF SALVAGE -- PART I: HISTORY AND TECHNICAL BACKGROUND -- THE SIGNIFICANCE OF JETTISONING: OIL ON TROUBLED WATERS -- ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO -- THE TWENTIETH CENTURY -- OIL ON TROUBLED WATERS -- JETTISON FROM STRANDED TANKERS -- REFLOATING TANKERS -- LIGHTENING OF TANKERS -- REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL LIGHTENING -- THE LEAST OF THE EVILS -- CONCLUSION -- ENVIRONMENTAL RISK AS A FUNCTION OF OIL SPILL SIZE -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL VARIABLES -- PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS -- CONTAINMENT AND RECOVERY -- Weathering Processes -- Spill Response Techniques -- In Situ Burning -- Dispersants -- Mechanical Recovery Measures -- Spill-size Relationships -- SHORELINE CHARACTERISTICS -- BIOLOGICAL FACTORS -- Microbial Effects and Biodegradation -- Phytoplankton -- Zooplankton -- Benthic Invertebrates -- Macroalgae -- Fish -- Seabirds -- Marine Mammals -- CONCLUSIONS -- OIL SPILL TRAJECTORY MODELING -- HOW MODELS WORK -- TYPES OF MODELS -- LIMITATIONS TO MODEL ACCURACY -- HOW MODELS ARE USED -- DISCUSSION: QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS ADDRESSED TO THE SPEAKERS -- QUESTIONS ADDRESSED TO MR. ELLIS.

QUESTIONS ADDRESSED TO DR. ENGELHARDT -- QUESTIONS ADDRESSED TO DR. GALT -- PART II: LEGAL STATUS OF JETTISONING -- MARINE SALVAGE: NEW LAWS AFFECTING THE JETTISONING OF OIL -- SALVAGE LAW -- Current Law -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SALVAGE LAW -- UNITED STATES OIL PLLUTION LAWS -- The Federal Scheme -- Salvage Operations in Navigable Waters -- Salvage Operations in the Exclusive Economic Zone -- Salvage Operations Involving Hazardous Substances -- State Laws -- EFFECT OF UNITED STATES OIL POLLUTION LAWS ON SALVAGE -- MAJOR ISSUES FOR SALVORS -- Compensation -- Salvor's Responsibility to Vessel Owner -- Third Party Liability of Salvors -- CONCLUSION -- ADDENDUM A: EXAMPLES OF STATE OIL POLLUTION LAW -- West Coast -- Alaska -- California -- Oregon -- Washington -- Gulf Coast -- Florida -- Louisiana -- Texas -- Great Lakes -- Illinois -- Michigan -- Wisconsin -- East Coast -- Maine -- Massachusetts -- New Jersey -- Rhode Island -- ADDENDUM B: COMPILATION OF IL SPILL LIABILITY STATUTES OF THE COASTAL STATES -- ADDENDUM C: SALVAGE OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES OTHER THAN OIL -- FWPCA -- CERCLA -- COMMENTARY ON THE DELIBERATE DISCHARGE OF OIL DURING MARINE SALVAGE OPERATIONS -- JETTISONING UNDER DIRECTION OF THE UNITED STATES -- LIABILITY OF THE UNITED STATES -- "INTO OR UPON," "A THREAT OF DISCHARGE," AND LIABILITY -- OPA AND THE LIMITATION OF LIABILITY ACT -- STATE LAWS AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY -- PREEMPTION, LIMITATION OF LIABILITY, AND THE IMPOSITION OF ADDITIONAL LIABILITY -- CONCLUSION -- NEW LAWS AFFECTING THE JETTISONING OF OIL: PRESIDENTIAL DIRECTION AND A SALVOR'S STANDARD OF CARE -- SUMMARY CONCLUSION -- JETTISON DIRECTED BY THE FEDERAL ON-SCENE COORDINATOR IS PERMITTED -- Presidential Authority to "Direct" a Jettison -- OPA 90 Removal Provisions- -- Responsibility and Authority to "Direct" Efforts -- Intervention on the High Seas Act.

Jettisoning of Oil Cargo is within OPA and Intervention Act Removal Authority -- National and Area Contingency Plans- Incorporation of Jettisoning as a Mitigation or Prevention Measure -- President's Authority to Amend Definition of Harmful Quantity Under 33 U.S.C. (b)(3) and (4) -- Potential Penalties And Civil Liability For ''Directed" Removal Action -- Criminal Or Civil Penalties And Civil Liability Under Federal Law -- Potential Liability For Salvor Actions Taken Consistent With The National Contingency Plan -- Summary And Recommendations -- Summary -- Recommendations For The Federal Government -- Recommendations to Salvors -- STANDARD OF CARE FOR SALVORS -- Current Standard Of Care Under U.S. Law -- Standard Of Care Under The 1989 Salvage Convention -- Standard Of Care Under Lof 90 -- Summary Of Duty Of Care -- CONCLUSION -- NEW LAWS GOVERNING THE JETTISONING OF OIL -- THE LAW OF SALVAGE-A NEED FOR CHANGE -- SPECIFIC COMMENTS -- CONCLUSION -- SALVAGING A COHERENT APPROACH TO POLLUTION RESPONSE: NEW FEDERAL AND STATE LAWS GOVERNING THE JETTIS OF CARGO -- PART I: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEDERAL AND STATE OIL POLLUTION LAWS -- PART II: LIABILITY AND CONSISTENCY UNDER SALVAGE AND POLLUTION LAWS -- Liability Salvage -- Risk Of Liability To The Salvor -- Liability Avoided -- Consistency With The National Contingency Plan -- CONCLUSION -- ADDENDUM A -- ADDENDUM B -- ADDENDUM C -- ADDENDUM D -- DISCUSSION: QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS ADDRESSED TO THE PANEL ON THE LEGAL STATUS OF JETTISONING -- PART III: CONSIDERATIONS IN MAKING TIME-CRITICAL DECISIONS -- DECISION FRAMEWORK: A SCENARIO FOR DECIDING WHETHER TO JETTISON CARGO -- THE ON-SCENE COORDINATOR AS DECISION MARKER -- THE ENVIRONMENTALIST'S PERSPECTIVE -- THE SALVOR'S PERSPECTIVE -- THE SHIPOWNER/OPERATOR'S PERSPECTIVE -- THE SALVAGE ENGINEER'S PERSPECTIVE -- THE STATE PERSPECTIVE.

DISCUSSION: QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS ADDRESSED TO THE PANEL ON THE DECISION-MAKING FRAMEWORK -- PART IV: A REGIONAL RESPONSE TEAM DECISION-MAKING EXERCISE -- A REGIONAL RESPONSE TEAM DECISION-MAKING EXERCISE -- DISCUSSION: QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS ON THE DECISION-MAKING EXERCISE -- APPENDIX A: SYMPOSIUM PARTICIPANTS SYMPOSIUM PARTICIPANTS -- SYMPOSIUM ON THE PURPOSEFUL JETTISON OF CARGO WASHINGTON, D.C., FEBRUARY 23, 1993 -- Members Of Committee On Marine Salvage Issues -- Liaisons To Committee -- Speakers -- Participants -- STAFF -- APPENDIX B: SYMPOSIUM AGENDA -- SYMPOSIUM ON THE PURPOSEFUL JETTISON OF CARGO WASHINGTON, D.C., FEBRUARY 23, 1993 -- Meeting Location:.