Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Pheromones and Related Chemical Cues in Fishes -- 1.1 CHEMICAL INFORMATION TRANSFER IN FISH -- 1.2 TERMINOLOGY -- 1.2.1 Overview -- 1.2.2 Pheromones -- 1.2.3 Signature Mixtures -- 1.2.4 Other Definitions Relevant to this Book -- 1.3 FUNCTIONS SERVED BY PHEROMONES AND RELATED CUES -- 1.3.1 Overview -- 1.3.2 Alarm Cues -- 1.3.3 Nonreproductive Recognition and Aggregation -- 1.3.4 Individual and Kin Recognition -- 1.3.5 Ornamental Odors -- 1.3.6 Reproductive Stimulants -- 1.4 PHEROMONE IDENTITY, SYNTHESIS, AND RELEASE -- 1.5 PHEROMONE DETECTION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSIVENESS -- 1.5.1 Overview -- 1.5.2 Pheromone Receptors -- 1.5.3 Olfactory Discrimination of Pheromones -- 1.5.4 Pheromonal Signaling and Communication -- 1.6 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF FISH PHEROMONES -- 1.6.1 Overview -- 1.6.2 Effects of Pollution on the Perception of Conspecific Cues -- 1.6.3 Application of Pheromones to the Management and Control of Wild Fisheries -- 1.6.4 Measuring and Interpreting Pheromones in the Water -- 1.6.5 Applications of Pheromones in Marine Fish and Their Culture -- 1.7 SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 Species-Specific Pheromones and Their Roles in Shoaling, Migration, and Reproduction: A Critical Review and Synthesis -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 PHEROMONES AND NONREPRODUCTIVE SHOALING BEHAVIOR -- 2.3 PHEROMONES AND THEIR ROLE IN MIGRATORY ORIENTATION -- 2.3.1 The Role of Migratory Pheromones in Anadromy -- 2.3.2 Migratory Pheromones and Amphridromy -- 2.3.3 Migratory Pheromones and Catadromy -- 2.3.4 Migratory Pheromones in Potadromous Fishes -- 2.3.5 Migratory Pheromones in Oceanadromous Fish -- 2.3.6 Summary of Migratory Pheromones -- 2.4 REPRODUCTIVE PHEROMONES -- 2.4.1 Overview of Empirical Data on Sex Pheromone Specificity.

2.4.2 Releasing Sex Pheromones in the Goldfish and Common Carp -- 2.4.3 Summary for Sex Pheromones -- 2.5 SUMMARY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR A POSSIBLE UNIFYING THEORY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 Hormonally Derived Pheromones in Teleost Fishes -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION TO HORMONAL SEX PHEROMONES IN TELEOST FISH -- 3.1.1 Production and Release of Hormonal Pheromones -- 3.1.2 Detection of Hormonal Pheromones -- 3.1.3 Overview of Biological Responses to Hormonal Pheromones -- 3.1.4 Hormonal Pheromones and Phylogeny -- 3.2 HORMONAL PHEROMONES IN THE GOLDFISH AND RELATED CARPS -- 3.2.1 The Goldfish-an Important Model -- 3.2.2 Hormonal Pheromones in Other Cypriniforms -- 3.3 HORMONAL PHEROMONES IN SALMONIFORMES -- 3.3.1 Genus Salmo: Atlantic Salmon and Brown Trout -- 3.3.2 Genus Salvelinus (Chars) -- 3.3.3 Genus Oncorhynchus (Pacific Salmon) -- 3.4 HORMONAL PHEROMONES IN PERCIFORMES -- 3.4.1 Gobies: Family Gobiidae -- 3.4.2 Cichlids: Family Cichlidae -- 3.5 PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION OF RESPONSIVENESS TO HORMONAL PHEROMONES -- 3.6 HORMONAL PHEROMONES AND SPECIES SPECIFICITY -- 3.6.1 Is There Always a Biological Need for Hormonal Pheromones to be Species-Specific? -- 3.6.2 How Might Species Specificity Evolve? -- 3.6.3 What is The Evidence for Species Specificity of Hormonal Pheromones? -- 3.7 SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 Conspecific Odors as Sexual Ornaments with Dual Functions in Fishes -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 ORNAMENTS OVERVIEW -- 4.3 ODORS AS ORNAMENTS -- 4.3.1 Odors as Attractants -- 4.3.2 Ornaments as Deterrents -- 4.4 VARIATION IN STEROID LEVELS AMONG INDIVIDUALS -- 4.5 SUMMARY -- 4.6 FUTURE APPROACHES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 Intraspecific Social Recognition in Fishes via Chemical Cues -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 KIN RECOGNITION IN FISHES VIA CHEMICAL CUES.

5.3 EXAMPLES OF KIN RECOGNITION AND KIN-BIASED BEHAVIOR ON THE BASIS OF CHEMICAL CUES IN FISHES -- 5.4 POTENTIAL MECHANISMS-TYPES OF CUE INVOLVED IN CHEMICALLY MEDIATED RECOGNITION OF KIN -- 5.5 RECOGNITION OF UNRELATED CONSPECIFICS VIA CHEMICAL CUES -- 5.6 EXAMPLES OF RECOGNITION OF FAMILIARS VIA CHEMICAL CUES -- 5.7 POTENTIAL MECHANISMS-TYPES OF CUE INVOLVED IN CHEMICAL RECOGNITION OF UNRELATED CONSPECIFICS -- 5.8 THE FUTURE OF RESEARCH IN FISH CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION -- 5.9 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 Chemical Cues That Indicate Risk of Predation -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 CHEMICAL INFORMATION ABOUT PREDATION RISK -- 6.2.1 Cues Associated with Pre-Attack Detection of Predation Risk -- 6.2.2 Cues Associated with Post-Attack Detection of Predation Risk -- 6.3 USE OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION ABOUT PREDATION RISK -- 6.3.1 Active Space and Active Time of Chemical Alarm Cues -- 6.3.2 Innate Recognition of Predator Odors -- 6.3.3 Learned Recognition of Novel Predators -- 6.4 CHEMISTRY OF CHEMICAL CUES PREDATION RISK IN FISHES -- 6.4.1 Disturbance Cues -- 6.4.2 Skin Extract -- 6.5 COMMUNICATION: ARE PREDATOR-PREY CHEMICALS "PHEROMONES"? -- 6.5.1 Attraction of Secondary Predators Hypothesis -- 6.5.2 Immune Function Hypothesis -- 6.5.3 Epitaph for the Moniker "Alarm Substance" Cells -- 6.6 CONCLUSION AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 The Cue-Signal Continuum: A Hypothesized Evolutionary Trajectory for Chemical Communication in Fishes -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 A HYPOTHESIS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF SEMIOCHEMICALS -- 7.3 ORIENTATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SEMIOCHEMICALS -- 7.4 PASSIVELY RELEASED BIOTIC SEMIOCHEMICALS WITHOUT ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT -- 7.5 PASSIVE, CONTEXTUAL RELEASE OF SEMIOCHEMICALS -- 7.6 PASSIVE, CONTEXTUAL RELEASE FROM TISSUES SPECIALIZED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SEMIOCHEMICALS.

7.7 ACTIVE, VOLUNTARILY RELEASED CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS FROM TISSUES SPECIALIZED FOR PRODUCTION, STORAGE, AND RELEASE OF SEMIOCHEMICALS -- 7.8 DISCUSSION: EVOLUTION OF SEMIOCHEMICALS FROM CUES TO SIGNALS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 Olfactory Discrimination of Pheromones -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 ANATOMY -- 8.2.1 Peripheral Structure -- 8.2.2 Olfactory Bulb -- 8.2.3 Telencephalic Projections -- 8.3 PHYSIOLOGY -- 8.3.1 Sensory Cells -- 8.3.2 Olfactory Bulb -- 8.3.3 Olfactory Tract -- 8.4 BEHAVIOR -- 8.4.1 Competition between Different Behaviors -- 8.4.2 Habitat Cues and Migration -- 8.5 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 Measuring and Identifying Fish Pheromones -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.1.1 Definition of "Pheromone" from a Chemical Context -- 9.1.2 Overview of Known Chemical Structures of Fish Pheromones -- 9.1.3 Why Quantify Fish Pheromones? -- 9.1.4 Quantifying Known Fish Pheromones -- 9.1.5 How to Elucidate the Structure of Unknown Pheromones -- 9.2 DETECTING OR QUANTIFYING PHEROMONES WHOSE STRUCTURES ARE ALREADY KNOWN -- 9.2.1 Overview -- 9.2.2 Authentic Standards -- 9.2.3 Concentration Techniques -- 9.2.4 Separation Techniques -- 9.2.5 Detection Techniques for Measuring Known Pheromones -- 9.3 IDENTIFYING PHEROMONES WHOSE STRUCTURES ARE UNKNOWN -- 9.3.1 Overview -- 9.3.2 The Question of What Is a Pheromone -- 9.3.3 Bioassay-Directed Fractionation -- 9.3.4 Pheromone Class Determination -- 9.3.5 Structure Identification -- 9.4 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 Effects of Pollutants on Olfactory Detection and Responses to Chemical Cues Including Pheromones in Fish -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION TO OLFACTORY-MEDIATED RESPONSES INDUCED BY CHEMICAL CUES -- 10.2 POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION IN FISH -- 10.3 EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF CONSPECIFIC CHEMICAL CUES AND SIGNALS.

10.4 EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON THE TRANSMISSION OF CHEMICAL CUES AND SIGNALS -- 10.5 EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON OLFACTORY DETECTION OF CHEMICAL CUES AND SIGNALS -- 10.5.1 General Introduction to the Olfactory System -- 10.5.2 Effects of Metals on Olfactory Function -- 10.5.3 Effects of Organic Pesticides on Olfactory Function -- 10.5.4 Effects of pH on Olfactory Function -- 10.5.5 Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals -- 10.6 EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES OF FISH TO CHEMICAL CUES -- 10.6.1 Effects of Copper -- 10.6.2 Effects of Organic Pesticides -- 10.6.3 Effects of pH -- 10.6.4 Other Pollutants -- 10.7 EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON THE BEHAVIOR AND ENDOCRINOLOGICAL RESPONSIVENESS OF REPRODUCTIVELY ACTIVE CONSPECIFICS -- 10.7.1 Copper -- 10.7.2 Organic Pesticides -- 10.7.3 Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds -- 10.8 SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11 Pheromones in Marine Fish with Comments on Their Possible Use in Aquaculture -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION TO PHEROMONES IN MARINE FISHES -- 11.2 WHY PHEROMONES IN MARINE FISH? -- 11.3 WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT PHEROMONES IN MARINE FISH? -- 11.3.1 Gobies -- 11.3.2 The Sea Lamprey -- 11.3.3 Blennies -- 11.3.4 Anguilliform Eels -- 11.3.5 The Pacific Herring -- 11.4 ARE PHEROMONAL SYSTEMS OF MARINE SPECIES LIKELY TO BE DIFFERENT FROM FRESHWATER FISH? -- 11.5 WHY ARE PHEROMONES OF MARINE FISH LESS UNDERSTOOD THAN FRESHWATER FISH? -- 11.6 AQUACULTURE SPECIES AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS -- 11.6.1 Introduction -- 11.6.2 Freshwater (Anguillid) Eels -- 11.6.3 Gilthead Seabream -- 11.6.4 European Sea Bass -- 11.6.5 Senegalese Sole -- 11.7 APPLICATIONS OF PHEROMONES TO THE CULTURE OF MARINE FISH -- 11.7.1 Introduction -- 11.7.2 Induction of Maturity and Reproduction -- 11.7.3 Delaying Precocious Maturation -- 11.7.4 Sex Determination -- 11.7.5 Welfare.

11.7.6 Potential Problems That Pheromones May Cause.