FOREWORD BY GERARD J. MANGONE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- LIST OF MAPS AND TABLES -- CHAPTER 1. SEAS AND STRAITS OF THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC WATERS -- Geographical Characteristics -- Seas of the Northern Sea Route -- Barents Sea -- Kara Sea -- Laptev Sea -- East Siberian Sea -- Chukchi Sea -- The Main Straits of the Northern Sea Route -- Straits Connecting the Barents and Kara Seas -- Straits Connecting the Kara and Laptev Seas -- Straits Connecting the Laptev and East Siberian Seas -- Passage from the East Siberian Sea to the Chukchi Sea -- Russian Arctic Ports -- Port of Dikson -- Port of Tiksi -- Port of Pevek -- Port of Dudinka -- Routes from the Barents Sea to the Bering Strait -- Navigation through the Northern Sea Route -- From the Barents Sea to the Kara Sea -- Kara Sea -- From the Kara Sea to the Laptev Sea -- Laptev Sea -- From the Laptev Sea to the East Siberian Sea -- From the East Siberian Sea to the Chukchi Sea -- Summary -- CHAPTER 2. LEGAL ISSUES FOR PASSAGE IN THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE -- International Regimes -- Ice-Covered Areas -- International Straits -- Passage of State Vessels in the Maritime Zones -- Legal Issues Relative to Russian Arctic Waters -- CHAPTER 3. INTERNATIONAL LAW AND A RUSSIAN ARCTIC WATERS REGIME -- Customary and Conventional Law -- Limitations -- Historic Title -- Marine Research by State Vessels -- Indreleia and the Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case -- Route of Similar Convenience - Messina Exception -- Straits Connecting the High Seas or a Foreign Territorial Sea -- Claims Affecting the Legal Regime of Arctic Waters -- Sector Principle -- Indigenous Rights -- Straight Baselines -- Overflight -- Scandinavian Interests, Russian Law and Western Acquiescence -- Scandinavia -- Russian Law -- Western Acquiescence -- CHAPTER 4. LAW OF THE SEA CONVENTION ARTICLE 234 AND OTHER REGIMES -- Article 234 and Ice-Covered Areas.

Other Marine Environmental Regimes -- Applicable Customary International Law -- Opinio Juris and the International Court of Justice -- Setting Norms for a Rule of Law -- General or Local Customary Law -- Subsequent State Practice and Application to Treaties -- Status of Article 234 and Other Regimes under Customary Law -- Interpretations of Article 234 -- Non-discrimination -- Navigation and the Exclusive Economic Zone -- Russian Practice -- Canadian Practice -- U.S. Practice -- Practice by Other States -- Interpretations of Other Marine Environmental Regimes -- Certain LOSC Articles and the 1958 Territorial Sea Convention -- MARPOL 73/78 -- Practice of Marine Pollution Conventions -- Regional Co-operation and Special Areas -- Regional Co-operation -- Special Areas, Enclosed, and Semi-Enclosed Seas -- Conclusions -- CHAPTER 5. STATE PRACTICE AND ARTICLE 234 -- Compliance of Russian Practice with Article 234 -- Application to State Vessels -- Non-Discriminatory Adoption and Enforcement -- Criminal Liability -- Due Regard to Navigation -- Presence of Ice -- Liability and Compensation -- Enforcement -- Special Areas -- Appraisal -- Compliance of Russian Practice with the LOSC Legal Regime -- Prescriptive Jurisdiction -- Enforcement -- Special Areas -- Appraisal -- Compliance of Russian Practice With Pre UNCLOS III Rules -- Navigational Practice in Russian Arctic Waters -- Norwegian Experience -- American Experience -- Arctic Navigational Practice - Traditional Regimes -- Conclusions -- CHAPTER 6. THE INTERNATIONAL STRAITS REGIME -- Historic Background and Key Issues -- Geographic Description -- Regimes under Customary International Law -- Transit Passage -- State Practice, Norm Setting and Opinio Juris -- Limitations to Coastal State Enforcement -- Straits Used for International Navigation -- Actual Use or Future Use.

Limits of Coastal State Prescription -- Transit Passage and Innocent Passage -- International Environmental Provisions -- Interpretations -- Applicable -- Generally Acceptable -- Differences -- International Safety Provisions -- Limits of Coastal State Enforcement -- Transit Passage -- State Practice -- Legislative History -- Ice-Covered Areas and the International Straits Regimes -- LOSC International Straits Regime -- State Practice -- Legislative History -- Conclusions -- CHAPTER 7. STATE PRACTICE IN THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC STRAITS -- Russian Position on International Use -- Pre-1982 Legislation -- Post-1982 Legislation -- American Position on International Use -- Foreign Use of Russian Arctic Straits -- Record of Use -- Limits of Prescriptive and Enforcement Jurisdiction -- Russian Position -- Surface Passage of State and Commercial Vessels - LOSC Part III -- Surface Passage of State and Commercial Vessels - 1958 TSC -- Surface Passage of State and Commercial Vessels - Non-International Straits -- U.S. Position -- Conclusions -- CHAPTER 8. RIGHTS OF PASSAGE BY STATE VESSELS -- LOSC and 1958 TSC -- Historic Background -- Interpretative Issues -- Prescriptive and Enforcement Jurisdiction -- Limits of the Coastal State -- State Practice -- 1958 TSC Article 16(4) and Submerged Passage -- LOSC Article 39(1)(c) and Submerged Passage -- U.S. Military Doctrine -- Russian Military Doctrine -- Foreign Submerged Passage and the Russian Arctic Straits -- Russian Practice -- LOSC Part III -- 1958 TSC -- Non-International Straits -- Protests by Russia -- U.S. Practice -- International Legal Regimes -- Conclusions -- CHAPTER 9. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS -- APPENDICES -- NOTES.