CRUISE SHIP POLLUTION -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- DRAFT CRUISE SHIP DISCHARGEASSESSMENT REPORT -- SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Overview -- 1.2. Other EPA Cruise Ship Efforts -- Cruise Ship White Paper, August 2000 -- Cruise Ship Public Hearings, September 2000 -- Cruise Ship Plume Tracking Survey, Summer 2001 -- Cruise Ship Hazardous Waste Tracking System, December 2001 -- Evaluation of Standards for Sewage and Graywater Discharges from CruiseShips in Alaska -- 1.3. Cruise Ship Industry Efforts to Reduce PotentialEnvironmental Impacts -- REFERENCES -- SECTION 2: SEWAGE -- 2.1. What is Sewage from Vessels and how much is Generated onCruise Ships? -- 2.2. What laws apply to sewage from cruise ships? -- 2.2.1. Clean Water Act Section 312 -- No-Discharge Zones -- Marine Sanitation Devices -- 2.2.2. The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution fromShips -- 2.2.3. Certain Alaskan Cruise Ship Operations -- 2.2.4. National Marine Sanctuaries Act -- 2.3. How do Cruise Ships Treat Sewage? -- 2.3.1. Traditional Type II Marine Sanitation Devices -- How it Works -- How Well it Works in Practice -- Data Collection -- Pathogen Indicators -- Conventional Pollutants and Other Common Analytes -- Metals -- Volatile and Semivolatile Organics -- Metals -- Volatile and Semivolatile Organics -- Nutrients -- 2.3.2. Advanced Wastewater Treatment Systems -- How it Works -- How Well it Works in Practice -- Data Collection -- Pathogen Indicators -- Conventional Pollutants and Other Common Analytes -- Metals -- Volatile and Semivolatile Organics -- Nutrients -- Pesticides -- 2.3.3. Sewage Sludge -- Waste Sludge -- Screening Solids -- 2.3.4. Cruise Industry Practice -- 2.4. What are the Potential Environmental Impacts Associated withSewage from Cruise Ships? -- 2.4.1. Comparison to wastewater discharge standards.

2.4.2. Comparison to EPA's National Recommended Water Quality Criteria -- Pathogen Indicators -- Conventional Pollutants and Other Common Analytes -- Oil and Grease -- Settleable and Suspended Solids -- Temperature -- Total Residual Chlorine -- Metals -- Semivolatile and Volatile Organics -- Nutrients -- 2.4.3. Mixing and Dilution -- Dilution at Rest -- Dilution Underway -- 2.4.4. Potential Treatment Technologies in Addition to A WTs -- Nutrient Removal Technologies -- Ammonia Removal by Biological Nitrification -- Total Nitrogen Removal by Ion Exchange -- Phosphorus Removal by Chemical Precipitation -- Nutrient Removal Technologies -- Ammonia Removal by Biological Nitrification -- Total Nitrogen Removal by Ion Exchange -- Phosphorus Removal by Chemical Precipitation -- Metals Removal Technologies -- Metals Removal by Ion Exchange -- Metals Removal by Reverse Osmosis -- Temperature Control -- 2.5. What Action is the Federal Government Taking to AddressSewage from Cruise Ships? -- REFERENCES -- SECTION 3: GRAYWATER -- 3.1. What is graywater and how much is generated on cruise ships? -- 3.2. What Laws Apply to Graywater from Cruise Ships? -- 3.2.1. Clean Water Act -- 3.2.2. Certain Alaskan Cruise Ship Operations -- 3.2.3. National Marine Sanctuaries Act -- 3.3. Characterization of Untreated Graywater -- Data Collection -- Pathogen Indicators -- Conventional Pollutants and Other Common Analytes -- Metals -- Volatile and Semivolatile Organics -- Nutrients -- 3.4 What are the Potential Environmental Impacts Associated withUntreated Graywater from Cruise Ships? -- 3.4.1. Comparison to Wastewater Discharge Standards -- 3.4.2. Comparison to EPA's National Recommended Water Quality Criteria -- Pathogen Indicators -- Conventional Pollutants and other Common Analytes -- Oil and Grease -- Settleable and Suspended Solids -- Temperature -- Total Residual Chlorine.

Metals -- Semivolatile and Volatile Organics -- Nutrients -- 3.4.3. Mixing and Dilution -- Dilution at Rest -- Dilution Underway -- 3.4.4. Potential Treatment Technologies in Addition to A WTs -- 3.5. What Action is the Federal Government Taking to AddressGraywater Waste Streams from Cruise Ships? -- REFERENCES -- SECTION 4: OILY BILGE WATER -- 4.1. What is Bilge Water and how much is Generated on CruiseShips? -- 4.2. What Laws Apply to Bilge Water from Cruise Ships? -- 4.2.1. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Shipsand Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships -- The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships(MARPOL) -- The Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS) -- Applicable Coast Guard regulations -- 4.2.2. Oil Pollution Act and Clean Water Act -- 4.3. How do Cruise Ships Manage Bilge Water? -- 4.4. What are the Potential Environmental Impacts Associated withInadequately Treated Bilge Water from Cruise Ships? -- 4.5. What Action is the Federal Government Taking to AddressBilge Water from Cruise Ships? -- REFERENCES -- SECTION 5: SOLID WASTE -- 5.1. What is Solid Waste and how much is Generated on CruiseShips? -- 5.2. What Laws Apply to Solid Waste from Cruise Ships? -- 5.2.1. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Shipsand Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships -- The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships -- Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships -- Applicable Coast Guard Regulations -- 5.2.2. Clean Water Act -- 5.2.3. National Marine Sanctuaries Act -- 5.2.4. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act -- 5.2.5. Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act -- 5.3. How do Cruise Ships Manage Solid Waste? -- 5.4. What are the Potential Environmental Impacts Associated withSolid Waste from Cruise Ships?.

5.5. What Action is the Federal Government Taking to AddressSolid Waste from Cruise Ships? -- REFERENCES -- SECTION 6: HAZARDOUS WASTE -- 6.1. What is Hazardous Waste and how much is Generated onCruise Ships? -- 6.2. What Laws Apply to Hazardous Waste on Cruise Ships? -- 6.2.1 Clean Water Act -- 6.2.2. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act -- 6.2.3. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, andLiability Act -- 6.3. How do Cruise Ships Manage Hazardous Waste? -- 6.4. What are the Potential Environmental Impacts Associated withHazardous Waste from Cruise Ships? -- 6.5. What Action is the Federal Government Taking to AddressHazardous Waste from Cruise Ships? -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DISCLAIMER -- REFERENCES -- CRUISE SHIP POLLUTION:BACKGROUND, LAWS AND REGULATIONS,AND KEY ISSUES∗ -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CRUISE SHIP WASTE STREAMS -- APPLICABLE LAWS AND REGULATIONS -- International Legal Regime -- Domestic Laws and Regulations -- Alaskan Activities -- Other State Activities -- Industry Initiatives -- ISSUES FOR CONGRESS -- REFERENCE -- INDEX.