Cover -- Preface -- Acknowledgement -- Contents -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Digital and Analog Computers -- 1.2 Evolution of Digital Computers -- 1.3 Major Components of a Digital Computer -- 1.4 Memory Addressing Capability of a CPU -- 1.5 Word Length of a Computer -- 1.6 Processing Speed of a Microprocessor -- 1.7 Microprocessors -- 1.8 Single-Chip Microcomputers (Microcontrollers) -- 1.9 Computer Classification -- 1.10 User Interface -- 1.11 Hardware, Software, Firmware, Middleware and Freeware -- 1.12 Batch Processing, Multiprogramming and Multiuser System -- 1.13 Multithreading -- 1.14 Computer Network -- 1.15 Distributed Processing (Computing) or Multiprocessing -- 1.16 Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN) -- 1.17 Some Terminologies of Mobile Phone Standards and Data Communication -- 1.18 Short Range Wireless -- 1.19 Control Flow and Data Flow Computers -- 1.20 RISC, CISC and EPIC Processors -- 1.21 Computer Applications -- 1.22 Impact of Computers on Society -- 1.23 Future Developments -- 1.24 Virus -- 1.25 MP3 Compression Standard -- 1.26 MPEG Compression Standard -- 1.27 Personal Media Player PMP -- 1.28 Div X -- Problems -- Chapter 2. Number System -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Decimal Number System -- 2.3 Binary Number (or Base-2) System -- 2.4 Conversion of a Binary Number to Decimal Number -- 2.5 Conversion of a Decimal Number to a Binary Number -- 2.6 Addition of Binary Numbers -- 2.7 Binary Subtraction -- 2.8 Use of Complements to Represent Negative Numbers -- 2.9 Conversion of a Binary Fraction to a Decimal Fraction -- 2.10 Conversion of a Decimal Fraction to a Binary Fraction -- 2.11 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD Codes) -- 2.12 Hexadecimal Number System -- 2.13 Octal Number System -- 2.14 ASCII and ISCII Codes -- 2.15 EBCDIC Code -- 2.16 Gray Codes -- 2.17 Fixed Point Reresentation of Numbers.

2.18 Floating-Point Representation -- 2.19 Overflow and Underflow -- Problems -- Chapter 3. Digital Devices -- 3.1 Logic Gates -- 3.2 Flip-Flops -- 3.3 Latches -- 3.4 Registers -- 3.5 Shift Registers -- 3.6 Buffers/Drivers -- 3.7 Encoders, Decoders and Code Converters -- 3.8 Counters -- 3.9 Digital Multiplexers/Data Selectors -- 3.10 Digital Demutiplexers/Decoders -- Problems -- Chapter 4. Logic Design -- 4.1 Boolean Algebra -- 4.2 Minimum Boolean Experssion -- 4.3 Karnaugh Map Method of Simplification of Logic Expression -- 4.4 Combinational and Sequential Circuits -- 4.5 Arithmetic Circuits -- Problems -- Chapter 5. Central Processing Unit (CPU) -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 CPU Organization -- 5.3 Instruction -- 5.4 Addressing Modes -- 5.5 Interrupts and Exceptions -- 5.6 Pin Configuration of Intel 8085 -- 5.7 Generation of Some Special Control Signals for Memory and I/O devices -- 5.8 Instruction Cycle -- 5.9 Instruction and Data Flow -- 5.10 Timing Diagram -- 5.11 Microprocessors -- 5.12 Intel 8085 -- 5.13 Intel 8086 -- 5.14 Brief Description of Intel Microprocessors -- 5.15 Intel 486 (Intel 80486) -- 5.16 Pentium Processor -- 5.17 Pentium MMX Processor -- 5.18 Pentium PRO -- 5.19 Pentium II and Pentium II XEON -- 5.20 Celeron Processor -- 5.21 Pentium III Processor -- 5.22 Pentium 4 Processor -- 5.23 Itanium Processor -- 5.24 Power PC Microprocessor -- 5.25 MIPS Microprocessors -- 5.26 DEC's Alpha Microprocessors -- 5.27 Cyrix Microprocessors -- 5.28 AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) Processors -- 5.29 Sun's Ultrasparc Microprocessor -- 5.30 National Semiconductors Microprocessors -- 5.31 Motorola Microprocessors -- 5.32 Transmeta Corporation's Crusoe Chips -- 5.33 VIA's C3 Processor -- 5.34 ARM Microprocessors -- 5.35 Cell Processors -- 5.36 RISC, CISC and EPIC Machines -- Problems -- Chapter 6. Memory.

6.1 Main Memory, Secondary Memory and Backup Memory -- 6.2 Cache Memory -- 6.3 Real (or Physical) and Virtual Memory -- 6.4 Semiconductor Memory -- 6.5 Memory Controllers -- 6.6 Magnetic Memory -- 6.7 Optical Disks -- 6.8 CCD (Charge Coupled Devices) -- 6.9 Direct Access Storage Devices (DASDs) -- 6.10 Destructive and Nondestructive Readout -- 6.11 Program and Data Memory -- 6.12 Memory Management Unit (MMU) -- 6.13 PCMCIA or WPCMCIA Cards and Slots -- Problems -- Chapter 7. I/O Devices, Microcontrollers, I/O Processors and Arithmetic Processors -- 7.1 Input Devices -- 7.2 Output Devices -- 7.3 Printers -- 7.4 Plotters -- 7.5 Other Forms of Output Devices -- 7.6 Input and Output Port -- 7.7 Serial Data Transfer -- 7.8 Programmable Interval Timer/Counter -- 7.9 Chipsets -- 7.10 Data Transfer Schemes -- 7.11 Single-Chip Microcomputers (Microcontrollers) and Embedded Microprocessors -- 7.12 DSP (Digital Signal Processor) -- 7.13 I/O Processor -- 7.14 Arithmetic Processors -- 7.15 Graphics Processors -- Problems -- Chapter 8. System Software and Programming Techniques -- 8.1 Machine Language -- 8.2 Assembly Language -- 8.3 Low-Level and High-Level Languages -- 8.4 Stack -- 8.5 Subroutines -- 8.6 Debugging of Programs -- 8.7 Macro -- 8.8 Macro Processor (or Keyboard Enhancer) -- 8.9 Program Design -- 8.10 Software Development -- 8.11 Flow Charts -- 8.12 Multiprogramming or Concurrent Programming -- 8.13 Multiuser or Time-Share System -- 8.14 Multitasking System -- 8.15 Protection -- 8.16 Problems in Acessing Resources -- 8.17 Operating System -- 8.18 Utility Programs -- 8.19 Application Packages -- 8.20 BIOS -- Problems -- Chapter 9. Computer Applications -- 9.1 Computer Application in Offices -- 9.2 Use of Computers in Books Publication -- 9.3 Desktop Publishing System -- 9.4 Application of Computers for Data Analysis.

9.5 Accounting, Investment, Inventory Control etc. -- 9.6 Application of Computers in Graphics -- 9.7 CAM (Computer Aided Manufacture) -- 9.8 Application of Computers in Database Management -- 9.9 Application of Computers in Project Management -- 9.10 Use of Computers in Communications -- 9.11 Application of Computers in Education -- 9.12 Application of Computers in Medical Field -- 9.13 Application of Computers in Industrial Control and Instrumentation -- 9.14 Airlines and Railways Ticket Reservation -- 9.15 Robots -- 9.16 Artificial Intelligence -- 9.17 Military Application of Computers -- 9.18 Application of Computers in Banks -- 9.19 Application of Computers in Design and Research Work -- 9.20 Real-Time or Online Applications -- 9.21 Point of Sale (POS) Terminals -- 9.22 Financial Transaction Terminals -- 9.23 Some Other Applications of Computers -- 9.24 Computers with Visions -- Problems -- Chapter 10. BUS Architecture -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 ISA BUS -- 10.3 EISA BUS -- 10.4 PCI BUS -- 10.5 AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port) -- 10.6 PCI Express BUS -- 10.7 Universal Serial BUS (USB) -- 10.8 IEEE 1394 -- 10.9 IEEE-1284 -- 10.10 IEEE-488 BUS -- 10.11 BUS System in a Multiprocessor System -- Problems -- Chapter 11. Parallel Processing -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Pipelined Processors -- 11.3 Array Processors -- 11.4 Vector Processors -- 11.5 Multiprocessor System -- 11.6 Flinn's Classification of Computers -- Problems -- Appendix -- Bibliography -- Index.