Fungal Infection: Diagnosis and Management -- Contents -- Preface to the third edition -- Preface to the first edition -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The nature of fungi -- 1.2 Classification and nomenclature of fungi and fungal diseases -- 1.3 Fungi as human pathogens -- 1.3.1 The superficial mycoses -- 1.3.2 The subcutaneous mycoses -- 1.3.3 The systemic mycoses -- 1.4 The changing pattern of fungal infection -- 1.5 New directions in diagnosis -- 1.6 New directions in treatment and prevention -- 2 Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infection -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Collection of specimens -- 2.2.1 Skin, nails and hair -- 2.2.2 Mucous membranes -- 2.2.3 Ear -- 2.2.4 Eye -- 2.2.5 Blood -- 2.2.6 Cerebrospinal fluid -- 2.2.7 Urine -- 2.2.8 Other fluids -- 2.2.9 Lower respiratory tract specimens -- 2.2.10 Pus -- 2.2.11 Bone marrow -- 2.2.12 Tissue -- 2.3 Specimens for serological tests -- 2.4 Specimens for antifungal drug level determinations -- 2.5 Transport of specimens -- 2.6 Interpretation of laboratory test result -- 2.6.1 Direct microscopic examination -- 2.6.2 Histopathological examination -- 2.6.3 Culture -- 2.6.4 Serological tests -- 2.7 Molecular diagnosis of fungal infection -- 3 Antifungal drugs -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Amphotericin B -- 3.2.1 Mechanism of action -- 3.2.2 Spectrum of action -- 3.2.3 Acquired resistance -- 3.2.4 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.2.5 Pharmaceutics -- 3.2.6 Therapeutic use -- 3.2.7 Mode of administration -- 3.2.8 Adverse reactions, -- 3.2.9 Drug interactions -- 3.3 Other polyene compounds for topical administration -- 3.3.1 Natamycin -- 3.3.2 Nystatin -- 3.4 Fluconazole -- 3.4.1 Mechanism of action -- 3.4.2 Spectrum of action -- 3.4.3 Acquired resistance -- 3.4.4 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.4.5 Pharmaceutics -- 3.4.6 Therapeutic use -- 3.4.7 Mode of administration -- 3.4.8 Adverse reactions.

3.4.9 Drug interactions -- 3.5 Itraconazole -- 3.5.1 Mechanism of action -- 3.5.2 Spectrum of action -- 3.5.3 Acquired resistance -- 3.5.4 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.5.5 Pharmaceutics -- 3.5.6 Therapeutic use -- 3.5.7 Mode of administration -- 3.5.8 Adverse reactions -- 3.5.9 Drug interactions -- 3.6 Ketoconazole -- 3.6.1 Mechanism of action -- 3.6.2 Spectrum of action -- 3.6.3 Acquired resistance -- 3.6.4 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.6.5 Pharmaceutics -- 3.6.6 Therapeutic use -- 3.6.7 Mode of administration -- 3.6.8 Adverse reactions -- 3.6.9 Drug interactions -- 3.7 Voriconazole -- 3.7.1 Mechanism of action -- 3.7.2 Spectrum of action -- 3.7.3 Acquired resistance -- 3.7.4 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.7.5 Pharmaceutics -- 3.7.6 Therapeutic use -- 3.7.7 Mode of administration -- 3.7.8 Adverse reactions -- 3.7.9 Drug interactions -- 3.8 Other imidazole compounds for topical administration -- 3.8.1 Bifonazole -- 3.8.2 Butoconazole -- 3.8.3 Clotrimazole -- 3.8.4 Econazole nitrate -- 3.8.5 Fenticonazole nitrate -- 3.8.6 Isoconazole nitrate -- 3.8.7 Miconazole nitrate -- 3.8.8 Oxiconazole -- 3.8.9 Sulconazole nitrate -- 3.8.10 Terconazole -- 3.8.11 Tioconazole -- 3.9 Terbinafine -- 3.9.1 Mechanism of action -- 3.9.2 Spectrum of action -- 3.9.3 Acquired resistance -- 3.9.4 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.9.5 Pharmaceutics -- 3.9.6 Therapeutic use -- 3.9.7 Mode of administration -- 3.9.8 Adverse reactions -- 3.9.9 Drug interactions -- 3.10 Other allylamine compounds for topical administration -- 3.10.1 Naftifine -- 3.11 Caspofungin -- 3.11.1 Mechanism of action -- 3.11.2 Spectrum of action -- 3.11.3 Acquired resistance -- 3.11.4 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.11.5 Pharmaceutics -- 3.11.6 Therapeutic use -- 3.11.7 Mode of administration, -- 3.11.8 Adverse reactions -- 3.11.9 Drug interactions -- 3.12 Flucytosine -- 3.12.1 Mechanism of action -- 3.12.2 Spectrum of action.

3.12.3 Acquired resistance -- 3.12.4 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.12.5 Pharmaceutics -- 3.12.6 Therapeutic use -- 3.12.7 Mode of administration -- 3.12.8 Adverse reactions -- 3.12.9 Drug interactions -- 3.13 Griseofulvin -- 3.13.1 Mechanism of action -- 3.13.2 Spectrum of action -- 3.13.3 Acquired resistance -- 3.13.4 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.13.5 Pharmaceutics -- 3.13.6 Therapeutic use -- 3.13.7 Mode of administration -- 3.13.8 Adverse reactions -- 3.13.9 Drug interactions -- 3.14 Other miscellaneous compounds for topical administration -- 3.14.1 Amorolfine hydrochloride -- 3.14.2 Butenafine hydrochloride -- 3.14.3 Ciclopirox -- 3.14.4 Haloprogin -- 3.14.5 Tolnaftate -- 3.15 Empirical treatment of suspected fungal infection in the neutropenic patient -- 3.16 Prophylactic treatment for prevention of fungal infection -- 3.17 Laboratory monitoring -- 3.17.1 Antifungal drug susceptibility testing -- 3.17.2 Monitoring of blood concentrations of antifungal drugs -- 4 Dermatophytosis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The causal organisms and their habitat -- 4.3 Laboratory diagnosis of dermatophytosis -- 4.4 Tinea capitis -- 4.4.1 Definition -- 4.4.2 Geographical distribution -- 4.4.3 Epidemiology -- 4.4.4 Clinical manifestations -- 4.4.5 Differential diagnosis -- 4.4.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 4.4.7 Management -- 4.4.8 Prevention -- 4.5 Tinea corporis -- 4.5.1 Definition -- 4.5.2 Geographical distribution -- 4.5.3 Epidemiology -- 4.5.4 Clinical manifestations -- 4.5.5 Differential diagnosis -- 4.5.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 4.5.7 Management -- 4.5.8 Prevention -- 4.6 Tinea cruris -- 4.6.1 Definition -- 4.6.2 Geographical distribution -- 4.6.3 Epidemiology -- 4.6.4 Clinical manifestations -- 4.6.5 Differential diagnosis -- 4.6.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 4.6.7 Management -- 4.6.8 Prevention.

4.7 Tinea pedis -- 4.7.1 Definition -- 4.7.2 Geographical distribution -- 4.7.3 Epidemiology -- 4.7.4 Clinical manifestations -- 4.7.5 Differential diagnosis -- 4.7.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 4.7.7 Management -- 4.7.8 Prevention -- 4.8 Tinea manuum -- 4.8.1 Definition -- 4.8.2 Geographical distribution -- 4.8.3 Epidemiology -- 4.8.4 Clinical manifestations -- 4.8.5 Differential diagnosis -- 4.8.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 4.8.7 Management -- 4.8.8 Prevention -- 4.9 Tinea unguium -- 4.9.1 Definition -- 4.9.2 Geographical distribution -- 4.9.3 Epidemiology -- 4.9.4 Clinical manifestations -- 4.9.5 Differential diagnosis -- 4.9.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 4.9.7 Management -- 4.9.8 Prevention -- 5 Superficial candidosis -- 5.1 Definition -- 5.2 Geographical distribution -- 5.3 The causal organisms and their habitat -- 5.4 Epidemiology -- 5.5 Clinical manifestations -- 5.5.1 Oropharyngeal candidosis -- 5.5.2 Vaginal candidosis -- 5.5.3 Penile candidosis -- 5.5.4 Cutaneous candidosis -- 5.5.5 Candida nail infection -- 5.5.6 Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis -- 5.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 5.7 Management -- 5.7.1 Oropharyngeal candidosis -- 5.7.2 Vaginal candidosis -- 5.7.3 Penile candidosis -- 5.7.4 Cutaneous candidosis -- 5.7.5 Candida nail infection -- 5.7.6 Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis -- 5.8 Prevention -- 6 Other cutaneous fungal infections -- 6.1 Pityriasis versicolor -- 6.1.1 Definition -- 6.1.2 Geographical distribution -- 6.1.3 The causal organisms and their habitat -- 6.1.4 Epidemiology -- 6.1.5 Clinical manifestations -- 6.1.6 Differential diagnosis -- 6.1.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 6.1.8 Management -- 6.2 Other Malassezia infections -- 6.2.1 Malassezia folliculitis -- 6.2.2 Seborrhoeic dermatitis.

6.3 Piedra -- 6.4 White piedra -- 6.4.1 Definition -- 6.4.2 Geographical distribution -- 6.4.3 The causal organisms and their habitat -- 6.4.4 Epidemiology -- 6.4.5 Clinical manifestations -- 6.4.6 Differential diagnosis -- 6.4.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 6.4.8 Management -- 6.5 Black piedra -- 6.5.1 Definition -- 6.5.2 Geographical distribution -- 6.5.3 The causal organism and its habitat -- 6.5.4 Epidemiology -- 6.5.5 Clinical manifestations -- 6.5.6 Differential diagnosis -- 6.5.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 6.5.8 Management -- 6.6 Tinea nigra -- 6.6.1 Definition -- 6.6.2 Geographical distribution -- 6.6.3 The causal organism and its habitat -- 6.6.4 Epidemiology -- 6.6.5 Clinical manifestations -- 6.6.6 Differential diagnosis -- 6.6.7 Essential investigations and their -- 6.6.8 Management -- 6.7 Scytalidium infection -- 6.8 Alternaria infection -- 7 Mould infections of nails -- 7.1 Definition -- 7.2 Geographical distribution -- 7.3 The causal organisms and their habitat -- 7.4 Epidemiology -- 7.5 Clinical manifestations -- 7.6 Differential diagnosis -- 7.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 7.8 Management -- 7.9 Prevention -- 8 Keratomycosis -- 8.1 Definition -- 8.2 Geographical distribution -- 8.3 The causal organisms and their habitat -- 8.4 Epidemiology -- 8.5 Clinical manifestations -- 8.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 8.7 Management -- 9 Otomycosis -- 9.1 Definition -- 9.2 Geographical distribution -- 9.3 The causal organisms and their habitat -- 9.4 Epidemiology -- 9.5 Clinical manifestations -- 9.6 Differential diagnosis -- 9.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 9.8 Management -- 10 Aspergillosis -- 10.1 Definition -- 10.2 Geographical distribution -- 10.3 The causal organisms and their habitat -- 10.4 Epidemiology.

10.5 Clinical manifestations.