Fungal Infection : DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT -- Contents -- Preface to the fourth edition -- Preface to the first edition -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The nature of fungi -- 1.2 Classification and nomenclature of fungi and fungal diseases -- 1.3 Fungi as human pathogens -- 1.3.1 The superficial mycoses -- 1.3.2 The subcutaneous mycoses -- 1.3.3 The systemic mycoses -- 1.4 The changing pattern of fungal infection -- 1.5 New directions in diagnosis -- 1.6 New directions in treatment and prevention -- Further reading -- 2 Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infection -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Collection of specimens -- 2.2.1 Skin, nails and hair -- 2.2.2 Mucous membranes -- 2.2.3 Ear -- 2.2.4 Eye -- 2.2.5 Blood -- 2.2.6 Cerebrospinal fluid -- 2.2.7 Urine -- 2.2.8 Other fluids -- 2.2.9 Lower respiratory tract specimens -- 2.2.10 Pus -- 2.2.11 Bone marrow -- 2.2.12 Tissue -- 2.2.13 Medical devices -- 2.3 Specimens for serological tests -- 2.4 Specimens for antifungal drug level determinations -- 2.5 Transport of specimens -- 2.6 Interpretation of laboratory test results -- 2.6.1 Direct microscopic examination -- 2.6.2 Histopathological examination -- 2.6.3 Immunohistochemistry -- 2.6.4 In situ hybridization -- 2.6.5 Culture -- 2.6.6 Fungal identification -- 2.6.7 Molecular identification -- 2.6.8 Serological tests -- 2.6.9 β-D-glucan detection -- 2.7 Molecular diagnosis of fungal infection -- Further reading -- 3 Antifungal drugs -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Allylamines -- 3.2.1 Mechanism of action -- 3.3 Terbinafine -- 3.3.1 Spectrum of activity -- 3.3.2 Acquired resistance -- 3.3.3 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.3.4 Pharmaceutics -- 3.3.5 Therapeutic use -- 3.3.6 Mode of administration -- 3.3.7 Drug interactions -- 3.3.8 Toxicity and adverse reactions -- 3.4 Other allylamine compounds for topical administration -- 3.4.1 Naftifine -- 3.5 Azoles.

3.5.1 Mechanism of action -- 3.5.2 Acquired resistance -- 3.5.3 Drug interactions -- 3.6 Fluconazole -- 3.6.1 Spectrum of activity -- 3.6.2 Acquired resistance -- 3.6.3 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.6.4 Pharmaceutics -- 3.6.5 Therapeutic use -- 3.6.6 Mode of administration -- 3.6.7 Drug interactions -- 3.6.8 Toxicity and adverse reactions -- 3.7 Itraconazole -- 3.7.1 Spectrum of activity -- 3.7.2 Acquired resistance -- 3.7.3 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.7.4 Pharmaceutics -- 3.7.5 Therapeutic use -- 3.7.6 Mode of administration -- 3.7.7 Drug interactions -- 3.7.8 Toxicity and adverse reactions -- 3.8 Ketoconazole -- 3.8.1 Spectrum of activity -- 3.8.2 Acquired resistance -- 3.8.3 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.8.4 Pharmaceutics -- 3.8.5 Therapeutic use -- 3.8.6 Mode of administration -- 3.8.7 Drug interactions -- 3.8.8 Toxicity and adverse reactions -- 3.9 Posaconazole -- 3.9.1 Spectrum of activity -- 3.9.2 Acquired resistance -- 3.9.3 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.9.4 Pharmaceutics -- 3.9.5 Therapeutic use -- 3.9.6 Mode of administration -- 3.9.7 Drug interactions -- 3.9.8 Toxicity and adverse reactions -- 3.10 Voriconazole -- 3.10.1 Spectrum of activity -- 3.10.2 Acquired resistance -- 3.10.3 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.10.4 Pharmaceutics -- 3.10.5 Therapeutic use -- 3.10.6 Mode of administration -- 3.10.7 Drug interactions -- 3.10.8 Toxicity and adverse reactions -- 3.11 Other imidazole compounds for topical administration -- 3.11.1 Bifonazole -- 3.11.2 Butoconazole -- 3.11.3 Clotrimazole -- 3.11.4 Econazole nitrate -- 3.11.5 Fenticonazole nitrate -- 3.11.6 Isoconazole nitrate -- 3.11.7 Miconazole nitrate -- 3.11.8 Oxiconazole -- 3.11.9 Sertaconazole nitrate -- 3.11.10 Sulconazole nitrate -- 3.11.11 Terconazole -- 3.11.12 Tioconazole -- 3.12 Echinocandins -- 3.12.1 Mechanism of action -- 3.12.2 Spectrum of activity -- 3.12.3 Acquired resistance -- 3.12.4 Drug interactions.

3.13 Anidulafungin -- 3.13.1 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.13.2 Pharmaceutics -- 3.13.3 Therapeutic use -- 3.13.4 Mode of administration -- 3.13.5 Drug interactions -- 3.13.6 Toxicity and adverse reactions -- 3.14 Caspofungin -- 3.14.1 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.14.2 Pharmaceutics -- 3.14.3 Therapeutic use -- 3.14.4 Mode of administration -- 3.14.5 Drug interactions -- 3.14.6 Toxicity and adverse reactions -- 3.15 Micafungin -- 3.15.1 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.15.2 Pharmaceutics -- 3.15.3 Therapeutic use -- 3.15.4 Mode of administration -- 3.15.5 Drug interactions -- 3.15.6 Toxicity and adverse reactions -- 3.16 Polyenes -- 3.16.1 Mechanism of action -- 3.17 Amphotericin B -- 3.17.1 Spectrum of activity -- 3.17.2 Acquired resistance -- 3.17.3 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.17.4 Pharmaceutics -- 3.17.5 Therapeutic use -- 3.17.6 Mode of administration -- 3.17.7 Drug interactions -- 3.17.8 Toxicity and adverse reactions -- 3.18 Other polyene compounds for topical administration -- 3.18.1 Natamycin -- 3.18.2 Nystatin -- 3.19 Flucytosine -- 3.19.1 Mechanism of action -- 3.19.2 Spectrum of activity -- 3.19.3 Acquired resistance -- 3.19.4 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.19.5 Pharmaceutics -- 3.19.6 Therapeutic use -- 3.19.7 Mode of administration -- 3.19.8 Drug interactions -- 3.19.9 Toxicity and adverse reactions -- 3.20 Griseofulvin -- 3.20.1 Mechanism of action -- 3.20.2 Spectrum of activity -- 3.20.3 Acquired resistance -- 3.20.4 Pharmacokinetics -- 3.20.5 Pharmaceutics -- 3.20.6 Therapeutic use -- 3.20.7 Mode of administration -- 3.20.8 Drug interactions -- 3.20.9 Toxicity and adverse reactions -- 3.21 Other miscellaneous compounds for topical administration -- 3.21.1 Amorolfine hydrochloride -- 3.21.2 Butenafine hydrochloride -- 3.21.3 Ciclopiroxolamine -- 3.21.4 Haloprogin -- 3.21.5 Tolnaftate -- 3.22 Prophylactic treatment for prevention of fungal infection.

3.23 Empirical treatment of suspected fungal infection in the neutropenic patient -- 3.24 Pre-emptive antifungal treatment -- 3.25 Combination antifungal treatment of invasive fungal infections -- 3.26 Laboratory monitoring -- 3.26.1 Antifungal drug susceptibility testing -- 3.26.2 Monitoring of blood concentrations of antifungal drugs -- Further reading -- 4 Dermatophytosis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The causal organisms and their habitat -- 4.3 Epidemiology -- 4.4 Laboratory diagnosis of dermatophytosis -- 4.5 Tinea capitis -- 4.5.1 Definition -- 4.5.2 Geographical distribution -- 4.5.3 Causal organisms -- 4.5.4 Epidemiology -- 4.5.5 Clinical manifestations -- 4.5.6 Differential diagnosis -- 4.5.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 4.5.8 Management -- 4.5.9 Prevention -- 4.6 Tinea corporis -- 4.6.1 Definition -- 4.6.2 Geographical distribution -- 4.6.3 Causal organisms -- 4.6.4 Epidemiology -- 4.6.5 Clinical manifestations -- 4.6.6 Differential diagnosis -- 4.6.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 4.6.8 Management -- 4.6.9 Prevention -- 4.7 Tinea cruris -- 4.7.1 Definition -- 4.7.2 Geographical distribution -- 4.7.3 Causal organisms -- 4.7.4 Epidemiology -- 4.7.5 Clinical manifestations -- 4.7.6 Differential diagnosis -- 4.7.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 4.7.8 Management -- 4.7.9 Prevention -- 4.8 Tinea pedis -- 4.8.1 Definition -- 4.8.2 Geographical distribution -- 4.8.3 Causal organisms -- 4.8.4 Epidemiology -- 4.8.5 Clinical manifestations -- 4.8.6 Differential diagnosis -- 4.8.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 4.8.8 Management -- 4.8.9 Prevention -- 4.9 Tinea manuum -- 4.9.1 Definition -- 4.9.2 Geographical distribution -- 4.9.3 Causal organisms -- 4.9.4 Epidemiology -- 4.9.5 Clinical manifestations -- 4.9.6 Differential diagnosis.

4.9.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 4.9.8 Management -- 4.9.9 Prevention -- 4.10 Tinea unguium -- 4.10.1 Definition -- 4.10.2 Geographical distribution -- 4.10.3 Causal organisms -- 4.10.4 Epidemiology -- 4.10.5 Clinical manifestations -- 4.10.6 Differential diagnosis -- 4.10.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 4.10.8 Management -- 4.10.9 Prevention -- Further reading -- 5 Superficial candidosis -- 5.1 Definition -- 5.2 Geographical distribution -- 5.3 The causal organisms and their habitat -- 5.4 Epidemiology -- 5.5 Clinical manifestations -- 5.5.1 Oropharyngeal candidosis -- 5.5.2 Vaginal candidosis -- 5.5.3 Penile candidosis -- 5.5.4 Cutaneous candidosis -- 5.5.5 Candida nail infection -- 5.5.6 Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis -- 5.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 5.7 Management -- 5.7.1 Oropharyngeal candidosis -- 5.7.2 Vaginal candidosis -- 5.7.3 Penile candidosis -- 5.7.4 Cutaneous candidosis -- 5.7.5 Candida nail infection -- 5.7.6 Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis -- 5.8 Prevention -- Further reading -- 6 Other cutaneous fungal infections -- 6.1 Pityriasis versicolor -- 6.1.1 Definition -- 6.1.2 Geographical distribution -- 6.1.3 The causal organisms and their habitat -- 6.1.4 Epidemiology -- 6.1.5 Clinical manifestations -- 6.1.6 Differential diagnosis -- 6.1.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 6.1.8 Management -- 6.2 Other Malassezia infections -- 6.2.1 Malassezia folliculitis -- 6.2.2 Seborrhoeic dermatitis -- 6.3 Piedra -- 6.4 White piedra -- 6.4.1 Definition -- 6.4.2 Geographical distribution -- 6.4.3 The causal organisms and their habitat -- 6.4.4 Epidemiology -- 6.4.5 Clinical manifestations -- 6.4.6 Differential diagnosis -- 6.4.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation -- 6.4.8 Management -- 6.5 Black piedra -- 6.5.1 Definition.

6.5.2 Geographical distribution.