Cover -- Digital Cognitive Technologies -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction -- PART I. CAN ICT TELL HISTORY? -- Chapter 1. Elements for a Digital Historiography -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.1.1. Epistemological mutations of historiography -- 1.1.2. History and documentation -- 1.2. Historiography facing digital document -- 1.2.1. The digital document -- 1.2.2. Consequences related to a traditional document -- 1.2.3. Consequences on historiography -- 1.3. ICTS contributions to historiography methods -- 1.3.1. Nomenclature and historical semantics -- 1.3.2. The initiatives of formalisms -- 1.3.3. A semiotics of the documentary object -- 1.4. Conclusion -- 1.5. Bibliography -- Chapter 2. "In Search of Real Time" or Man Facing the Desire and Duty of Speed. -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Rate, speed and ICT: emergence of a new social temporality -- 2.3. Speed: stigma of a new socio-economic and socio-cultural reality -- 2.3.1. Emergence of a "speed economy" -- 2.3.2. Ambivalence of "hypermodern Man" -- 2.4. Conclusion -- 2.5. Bibliography -- Chapter 3. Narrativity Against Temporality: a Computational Model for Story Processing -- 3.1. Background: problems of temporality representation in social sciences -- 3.2. A theoretical framework for processing temporality -- 3.2.1. Narrative theories of action -- 3.2.2. Narrative explanation of social processes -- 3.2.3. Social narrative ontology -- 3.3. A computational model for story processing -- 3.3.1. Hyperstoria -- 3.3.2. Ontostoria -- 3.3.3. Sum It Up -- 3.3.4. MemorExpert -- 3.4. Conclusion -- 3.5. Bibliography -- PART II. HOW CAN WE LOCATE OURSELVES WITHIN ICT? -- Chapter 4. Are Virtual Maps used for Orientation? -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Orientation context -- 4.3. The flat sphere -- 4.4. Orientating -- 4.5. Nature of the map -- 4.6. The virtual map.

4.7. Map territory -- 4.8. Program of the map -- 4.9. Map instruction -- 4.10. Bibliography -- Chapter 5. Geography of the Information Society -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Technological determinism of the facts -- 5.2.1. Avoidance of travel and space contraction: two ideas promoted by policy makers and industrials -- 5.2.2. The research world: a frank rebuttal -- 5.3. From the "end of geography" to the "territorialization of ICT" -- 5.3.1. The appropriation of ICT by urban participants -- 5.3.2. ICT, tools of mobility and proximity -- 5.3.3. ICT, instruments of competition of territories -- 5.4. The trivialization of ICT in territories in industrialized countries -- 5.4.1. The geographical space of the 21st Century -- 5.4.2. An integrated approach between space and ICT -- 5.4.3. A more complex geographical and social space -- 5.5. Conclusion -- 5.6. Bibliography -- Chapter 6. Mapping Public Web Space with the Issuecrawler -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. The death of cyberspace -- 6.3. Tethering websites in hyperspace through inlinks -- 6.4. The depluralization of the Web -- 6.5. The Web as (issue) network space -- 6.6. Conclusion -- 6.7. Bibliography -- PART III. ICT: A WORLD OF NETWORKS? -- Chapter 7. Metrology of Internet Networks -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Problems associated with Internet measurement -- 7.2.1. Geographical and administrative dimension -- 7.2.2. Distribution problems -- 7.2.3. Measurements, estimations and analysis -- 7.3. Measurement techniques -- 7.3.1. Active measurements -- 7.3.2. Passive measurements -- 7.4. Characteristics of Internet traffic -- 7.5. Conclusion -- 7.6. Bibliography -- Chapter 8. Online Social Networks: A Research Object for Computer Science and Social Sciences -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. A massively relational Internet -- 8.3. Four properties of the social link on the Internet.

8.4. The network as a mathematical object -- 8.4.1. Graphs -- 8.4.2. Complex networks and "small worlds" -- 8.4.3. Switching scale: working on large networks -- 8.5. Structure of networks and relational patterns -- 8.5.1. Clusters -- 8.5.2. Between communities: the "bridges" -- 8.5.3. Relational patterns -- 8.6. Conclusion -- 8.7. Bibliography -- Chapter 9. Analysis of Heterogenous Networks: the ReseauLu Project -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. The ReseauLu project -- 9.2.1. Scientometric analysis -- 9.2.2. Example of the scientometric analysis of a domain of biomedical research concerning migraine -- 9.3. Conclusion -- 9.4. Bibliography -- PART IV. COMPUTERIZED PROCESSING OF SPEECHES AND HYPERDOCUMENTS: WHAT ARE THE METHODOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES? -- Chapter 10. Hypertext, an Intellectual Technology in the Era of Complexity -- 10.1. The hypertextual paradigm -- 10.2. Cognitive activity and evolution of textual support -- 10.3. The invention of hypertext -- 10.4. Hypertext and databases -- 10.5. Automatic hypertextualization -- 10.6. The paradigm of complexity -- 10.7. Writing of the complex -- 10.8. Hypertextual discursivity -- 10.9. Conclusion -- 10.10. Bibliography -- Chapter 11. A Brief History of Software Resources for Qualitative Analysis -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Which tool for which analysis? -- 11.2.1. The felt-tip -- 11.2.2. Text processing -- 11.2.3. The operating system -- 11.2.4. The cotext -- 11.2.5. The co-occurrence -- 11.2.6. Data analysis -- 11.2.7. Segments of text -- 11.2.8. Dictionaries -- 11.3. Conclusion: taking advantage of software -- 11.4. Bibliography -- Chapter 12. Sea Peoples, Island Folk: Hypertext and Societies without Writing -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. A concrete and non-linear approach -- 12.3. Type of hypermedia modeling and implementation -- 12.3.1. A model derived from neurosciences.

12.3.2. Implementation: "attractors" and "attraction basins" -- 12.4. The construction of attractors and their basins -- 12.4.1. An example of an attractor and of its basin: ancestors -- 12.5. Conclusion -- 12.6. Bibliography -- PART V. HOW DO ICT SUPPORT PLURALISM OF INTERPRETATIONS? -- Chapter 13. Semantic Web and Ontologies -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Semantic Web as an extension of current Web -- 13.3. Use of ontologies -- 13.4. Metadata and annotations -- 13.5. Diversity of ontologies debated -- 13.6. Conclusion -- 13.7. Bibliography -- Chapter 14. Interrelations between Types of Analysis and Types of Interpretation -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.2. ICT and choice within the general outline of HSS research -- 14.3. Questions relating to initial data and presentation of results -- 14.4. Choice of analysis methods and general outline -- 14.5. Methodological choices, schools of thought and interlanguage -- 14.6. Conclusion -- 14.7. Bibliography -- Chapter 15. Pluralism and Plurality of Interpretations -- 15.1. Introduction -- 15.2. Diversity of interpretations -- 15.3. Interpretations and experimental set-ups -- 15.4. Exploratory analysis and iterative construction of grids of categories -- 15.5. Categorization process from a grid -- 15.6. Validation by triangulation of methods -- 15.7. Conclusion -- 15.8. Bibliography. -- PART VI. DISTANCE COOPERATION -- Chapter 16. A Communicational and Documentary Theory of ICT -- 16.1. Introduction -- 16.2. Transactional approach of action -- 16.3. Transactional flows: rhizomatic and machinery configuration -- 16.4. ICT and documents: transition operators between situations of activity within a transactional flow -- 16.5. Four classes of documents within the information system -- 16.6. ICT status in the coordination and regulation of transactional flows.

16.6.1. Coordination through access to situations of activity and their ingredients -- 16.6.2. Coordination by prior standardization of the primary transaction -- 16.6.3. Coordination through the use of regulating transactions and resources in situation -- 16.6.4. Internal structuring of DFA according to the nature of the transaction -- 16.7. Conclusion: document for action and distributed transactions -- 16.8. Bibliography -- Chapter 17. Knowledge Distributed by ICT: How do Communication Networks Modify Epistemic Networks? -- 17.1. Introduction -- 17.2. ICT and distributed cognition. -- 17.3. Mailing lists as a distributed system -- 17.4. Evolution of communication networks -- 17.5. Epistemic networks and discussion networks -- 17.6. Conclusion -- 17.7. Bibliography -- Chapter 18. Towards New Links between HSS and Computer Science: the CoolDev Project -- 18.1. Introduction -- 18.1.1. A new support to cooperative activities of software development -- 18.2. Towards new links between HSS and computer science: application to AT -- 18.2.1. Activity theory -- 18.2.2. In search of generic tools for human activities -- 18.3. Generic links between AT and computer science: application in CoolDev -- 18.3.1. Link between generic properties of AT and computer science techniques -- 18.4. Discussion: towards new developments -- 18.5. Bibliography -- PART VII. TOWARDS RENEWED POLITICAL LIFE AND CITIZENSHIP -- Chapter 19. Electronic Voting and Computer Security -- 19.1. Introduction -- 19.2. Motivations of electronic voting -- 19.2.1. Reducing costs and time mobilized for elections -- 19.2.2. Improving the participation rate -- 19.2.3. Meeting requirements of mobility -- 19.3. The different modes of electronic voting -- 19.4. Prerequisites for the establishment of an Internet voting system -- 19.5. Operation of an Internet voting system.

19.5.1. Authentication of the voter.