Cover -- Mechanics of Unsaturated Geomaterials -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- PART I. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS -- Chapter 1. Basic Concepts in the Mechanics and Hydraulics of Unsaturated Geomaterials -- 1.1. Water retention mechanisms in capillary systems -- 1.1.1. Surface tension, contact angle, and water tension -- 1.1.2. Hysteresis of contact angle -- 1.1.3. Evaporation from capillary systems and geomaterials -- 1.2. Water retention behavior of geomaterials -- 1.3. Water retention mechanisms in geomaterials and the concept of suction -- 1.3.1. Water equilibrium through the liquid phase and the matric suction -- 1.3.2. Water equilibrium through the vapor phase and the total suction -- 1.3.3. Measurement of matric and total suction -- 1.4. Water flow in capillary systems -- 1.5. Mechanical interactions at the microscale -- 1.6. Microscopic interpretation of volumetric "collapse" and shear strength -- 1.7. Bibliography -- Chapter 2. Mechanics of Unsaturated Soils -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Stress states -- 2.3. Thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils -- 2.3.1. Effects of suction on the stress-strain behavior of unsaturated soils -- 2.3.2. Soil water retention behavior -- 2.3.3. Non-isothermal conditions -- 2.4. Effective stress in unsaturated soils -- 2.5. A coupled THM constitutive framework for unsaturated soils -- 2.5.1. Mechanical model -- 2.5.2. Water retention model -- 2.5.3. Numerical simulations -- 2.6. Conclusion -- 2.7. Bibliography -- Chapter 3. Desiccation Cracking of Soils -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Physical processes involved in desiccation cracking of soils -- 3.2.1. Drying -- 3.2.2. Shrinkage -- 3.2.3. Air entry -- 3.2.4. Cracking -- 3.3. Experimental characterization of desiccation process in soils and its controlling variables -- 3.3.1. Desiccation tests.

3.3.1.1. Desiccation tests on 1D bars -- 3.3.1.2. Desiccation tests on 2D slabs -- 3.3.2. Drying shrinkage -- 3.3.3. Desiccation cracking initiation conditions in soils -- 3.4. Scenarios of soil desiccation crack pattern formation -- 3.4.1. Interpretation of desiccation of bars (1D case) -- 3.4.2. Interpretation of desiccation of slabs (2D case) -- 3.4.3. Further considerations -- 3.5. Conclusion -- 3.6. Bibliography -- PART II. EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION -- Chapter 4. Experimental Techniques for Unsaturated Geomaterials -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Techniques for controlling suction -- 4.2.1. Axis translation technique -- 4.2.2. The osmotic technique -- 4.2.3. Suction control through vapor equilibrium -- 4.3. Techniques for measuring suction -- 4.3.1. Tensiometers -- 4.3.2. The filter paper method -- 4.4. Mechanical testing devices -- 4.4.1. Introduction -- 4.4.2. Control suction oedometers and direct shear boxes -- 4.4.3. Controlled suction triaxial devices -- 4.4.3.1. Testing rates -- 4.4.3.2. Volume-change monitoring -- 4.4.3.3. Other controlled suction triaxial devices -- 4.4.4. Other suction-controlled devices -- 4.5. Concluding remarks -- 4.6. Bibliography -- Chapter 5. New Experimental Tools for the Characterization of Highly Overconsolidated Clayey Materials in Unsaturated Conditions -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Sorption bench -- 5.2.1. Suction control -- 5.2.2. Drying or wetting kinetics analysis -- 5.2.3. Example test results -- 5.3. High pressure THM oedometric cell -- 5.3.1. Loading system -- 5.3.2. Suction control -- 5.3.3. Temperature control -- 5.3.4. Example test results -- 5.4. High pressure and high temperature THM triaxial cell -- 5.4.1. The double wall system -- 5.4.2. Possible experimental layouts -- 5.5. Conclusions -- 5.6. Bibliography -- Chapter 6. Field Measurement of Suction, Water Content and Water Permeability.

6.1. Direct measurement of suction -- 6.1.1. Conventional tensiometers (positive absolute pressure) -- 6.1.2. High-capacity tensiometers (negative absolute pressure) -- 6.2. Indirect measurement of suction -- 6.2.1. Equilibrium through liquid phase -- 6.2.2. Equilibrium through vapor phase -- 6.3. Measurement of water content -- 6.3.1. Soil dielectric permittivity -- 6.3.2. Wave propagation in transmission lines -- 6.3.3. TDR applied to volumetric water content measurement -- 6.3.4. Water content measurement using capacitance -- 6.3.5. Water content measurement using ADR -- 6.4. Field measurement of water permeability -- 6.5. Bibliography -- PART III. THEORITICAL DEVELOPMENTS -- Chapter 7. Hydromechanical Coupling Theory in Unsaturated Geomaterials and Its Numerical Integration -- 7.1. Introduction - problems to be treated -- 7.1.1. Solid mechanics -- 7.1.2. Diffusion -- 7.1.3. Advection-diffusion -- 7.1.4. Boundary conditions -- 7.2. Numerical tools: the finite element method -- 7.2.1. Introduction -- 7.2.2. Finite element method -- 7.2.3. Finite difference method -- 7.2.4. Solving the nonlinear problem: the Newton-Raphson method -- 7.2.5. The stiffness matrix -- 7.2.6. Transient effects: the time dimension -- 7.2.6.1. Time integration - diffusion problems -- 7.2.6.2. Time integration - solid mechanics -- 7.2.6.3. Scheme accuracy -- 7.2.7. Advection diffusion processes -- 7.3. Coupling various problems -- 7.3.1. Finite element modeling: monolithical approach -- 7.3.2. Physical aspects: various terms of coupling -- 7.3.2.1. Hydromechanical coupling -- 7.3.2.2. Thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling -- 7.3.3. Finite element modeling: staggered approach -- 7.4. Acknowledgment -- 7.5. Bibliography -- Chapter 8. Conservation Laws for Coupled Hydro-Mechanical Processes in Unsaturated Porous Media: Theory and Implementation -- 8.1. Introduction.

8.2. Mass and momentum conservation laws -- 8.3. Balance of energy and the effective stress -- 8.4. Formulation of boundary-value problem -- 8.5. Numerical example -- 8.6. Summary and conclusions -- 8.7. Acknowledgements -- 8.8. Bibliography -- Chapter 9. Strain Localization Modeling in Coupled Transient Phenomena -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Experimental evidence -- 9.3. Regularization techniques -- 9.4. Numerical modeling -- 9.4.1. Momentum balance equation -- 9.4.2. Mass balance equation -- 9.4.3. Local second gradient model for monophasic medium -- 9.4.4. Local second gradient coupled model -- 9.4.5. Local second gradient model in a multiphysical context -- 9.5. Applications -- 9.5.1. Constitutive equation and localization study -- 9.5.2. Model predictions for the excavation problem -- 9.6. Conclusions -- 9.7. Acknowledgment -- 9.8. Bibliography -- PART IV. ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS -- Chapter 10. Modeling Landslides in Partially Saturated Slopes Subjected to Rainfall Infiltration -- 10.1. Introduction: the hazard of shallow landslides -- 10.2. Physical processes in unsaturated soil slopes -- 10.3. Theoretical framework for unsaturated soils -- 10.4. Numerical modeling of an unsaturated soil slope subjected to rainfall events -- 10.4.1. Definition of the geomechanical model and the calculation procedure -- 10.4.2. Plastic mechanisms during rain infiltration in a partially saturated slope -- 10.5. Conclusion -- 10.6. Bibliography -- Chapter 11. Thermally Induced Moisture Transport and Pore Pressure Generation in Nearly Saturated Geomaterials -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Modeling background -- 11.3. Coupled heat and moisture diffusion -- 11.4. Heat-induced moisture transport in a bentonite-sand mixture -- 11.5. Computational simulations of the behavior of bentonite-sand mixture -- 11.6. THM processes in a porous medium.

11.7. Computational modeling of the THM processes -- 11.8. Experimental modeling of the THM processes in a cementitious block -- 11.9. Comparison of experimental results and computational estimates -- 11.10. Concluding remarks -- 11.11. Acknowledgments -- 11.12. Bibliography -- Chapter 12. Mechanics of Unsaturated Geomaterials Applied to Nuclear Waste Storage -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. THM phenomena in the near field -- 12.3. Theoretical formulation and coupled analysis -- 12.4. Coupled THM analyses of the unsaturated barrier and adjacent rock -- 12.4.1. Reference case -- 12.4.2. Features of the analyses -- 12.4.3. Results of the Base Case -- 12.4.4. Results of the parametric study -- 12.4.4.1. Vapor diffusion -- 12.4.4.2. Bentonite permeability -- 12.4.4.3. Rock permeability -- 12.4.4.4. Retention curves of granite and bentonite -- 12.5. Conclusions -- 12.6. Acknowledgments -- 12.7. Bibliography -- Chapter 13. Soil-Pipeline Interaction in Unsaturated Soils -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Large-scale physical model experiments -- 13.2.1. Experimental setup -- 13.2.2. Experimented sands -- 13.2.3. Experimental results -- 13.3. Behavior of unsaturated sands -- 13.3.1. Compaction and soil moisture tests -- 13.3.2. Triaxial compression tests -- 13.4. Numerical modeling of the behavior of unsaturated sands -- 13.4.1. Stress state of unsaturated sands -- 13.4.2. Modified Mohr-Coulomb model to simulate the unsaturated soil behavior -- 13.4.3. Modified Nor-Sand model to simulate the unsaturated soil behavior -- 13.5. Numerical modeling of the physical model experiments -- 13.5.1. Finite element analysis -- 13.5.2. Finite element results -- 13.6. Dimensionless force - H/D relationship for pipelines in unsaturated soils -- 13.7. Conclusions -- 13.8. Acknowledgments -- 13.9. Bibliography.

Chapter 14. Coefficient B, Consolidation, and Swelling in Fine Soils Near Saturation in Engineering Practice.