Climate Change and Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance.

Climate Change and Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance -- Dedication -- Foreword -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part One: Climate Change -- 1 Climate Change: Challenges for Future Crop Adjustments -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Climate Change -- 1.3 Crop Responses to Climate Change -- 1.3.1 Temperature Responses -- 1.3.1.1 Annual Crops -- 1.3.1.2 Major Challenges -- 1.4 Water Responses -- 1.5 Major Challenges -- 1.5.1 Growth and Development Processes and WUE -- 1.5.2 Growth and Development Processes Linked to Quality -- 1.6 Grand Challenge -- References -- 2 Developing Robust Crop Plants for Sustaining Growth and Yield Under Adverse Climatic Changes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Elevated Temperature and Plant Response -- 2.3 Elevated CO2 Levels and Plant Response -- 2.4 Genetic Engineering Intervention to Build Crop Plants for Combating Harsh Environments -- 2.4.1 Transcription Factors -- 2.4.2 bZIP Transcription Factors -- 2.4.3 DREB/ERF Transcription Factors -- 2.4.4 MYB Transcription Factors -- 2.4.5 NAC Transcription Factors -- 2.4.6 WRKY Transcription Factors -- 2.4.7 ZF Transcription Factors -- 2.5 Other Protein Respondents -- 2.5.1 LEA Proteins -- 2.5.2 Protein Kinases -- 2.5.3 Osmoprotectants (Osmolytes) -- 2.5.4 Polyamines and Stress Tolerance -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Climate Change and Abiotic Stress Management in India -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Impact of Climate Change and Associated Abiotic Stresses on Agriculture -- 3.2.1 Trend of Change and Impact on Agricultural Production -- 3.2.2 Impact on Water and Soil -- 3.2.2.1 Water -- 3.2.2.2 Soil -- 3.3 CSA: Technologies and Strategies -- 3.3.1 Sustainable Productivity Enhancement -- 3.3.2 Adaptation -- 3.3.2.1 Rice-Wheat System -- 3.3.2.2 Stress-Tolerant Varieties -- 3.4 National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture -- 3.4.1 Mitigation.

3.5 Policy and Institutions -- 3.5.1 Mainstreaming CSA in National Policy -- 3.5.2 CSV -- 3.5.3 Agricultural Insurance and Risk Management -- 3.5.4 Information and Communication Technology for Climate Change Management -- 3.6 Partnership -- References -- Part Two: Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Climate Change -- 4 Plant Environmental Stress Responses for Survival and Biomass Enhancement -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Stomatal Responses in the Control of Plant Productivity -- 4.2.1 ABA Biosynthesis and Transport -- 4.2.2 Signal Mediation of Stomatal Aperture -- 4.2.3 Guard Cell Development -- 4.3 Signaling and Transcriptional Control in Water Stress Tolerance -- 4.3.1 Signaling Mediation by Membrane-Localized Proteins -- 4.3.2 Stress-Responsive Transcription -- 4.3.3 Key Transcription Factors -- 4.4 Protection Mechanisms of Photosynthesis During Water Stress -- 4.5 Metabolic Adjustment During Water Stress -- 4.5.1 Metabolomic Study of Primary Metabolites -- 4.5.2 Cell Wall Compounds -- 4.6 Future Perspective -- References -- 5 Heat Stress and Roots -- 5.1 Roots, Heat Stress, and Global Warming: An Overview of the Problem -- 5.2 Effects of Heat Stress on Root Growth and Root versus Shoot Mass and Function -- 5.2.1 Root Growth -- 5.2.2 Effects of Heat Stress on Roots versus Shoots -- 5.2.3 Shoot and Root versus Root-Only versus Shoot-Only Heating -- 5.2.4 Chronic versus Acute Heat Stress -- 5.2.5 Direct versus Indirect Effects of Heat Stress on Roots and Shoots -- 5.2.6 Effects of Heat Stress on Nutrient Relations -- 5.2.7 Effects of Heat Stress on Root Respiration and Carbon Metabolism -- 5.2.8 Effects of Heat Stress on Root Water Relations -- 5.3 Interactions Between Heat Stress and Other Global Environmental-Change Factors on Roots -- 5.4 Heat Stress and Root-Soil Interactions.

5.5 Summary: Synthesizing What We Know and Predict into a Conceptual Model of Heat Effects on Roots and Plant-Soil Links -- References -- 6 Role of Nitrosative Signaling in Response to Changing Climates -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Salinity -- 6.3 Drought -- 6.4 Heavy Metals -- 6.5 Heat Stress -- 6.6 Chilling/Freezing/Low Temperature -- 6.7 Anoxia/Hypoxia -- 6.8 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Current Concepts about Salinity and Salinity Tolerance in Plants -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 What is Salt Stress? -- 7.2.1 Perception of Salt Stress - Still a Mystery -- 7.2.2 Salt Stress Signaling: Now, We Know Better -- 7.2.2.1 Ca2+ Signaling -- 7.2.2.2 pH in Stress Signaling -- 7.2.2.3 Abscisic Acid Signaling -- 7.2.2.4 Phospholipid Signaling -- 7.3 Effects: Primary and Secondary -- 7.3.1 Salt Primary Effects: Osmotic and Ionic Phases -- 7.3.1.1 Role of the SOS Pathway in Ion Homeostasis -- 7.3.2 Salt Secondary Effect: Oxidative Stress -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Salinity Tolerance of Avicennia officinalis L. (Acanthaceae) from Gujarat Coasts of India -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Plant Material and Study Area -- 8.2.2 Salinization of Soil -- 8.2.3 Plant Establishment -- 8.2.4 Plant Growth -- 8.2.5 Organic Solutes (Soluble Sugars, Proline, and Glycine Betaine) -- 8.2.6 Chlorophyll Content, Total Free Amino Acids, Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), and Protein Oxidation -- 8.2.7 Membrane Permeability and Lipid Peroxidation -- 8.2.8 Antioxidant Enzymes -- 8.2.9 Statistical Analyses -- 8.3 Results -- 8.3.1 Total Dry Weight of Plants -- 8.3.2 Organic Solutes (Soluble Sugars, Proline, and Glycine Betaine) -- 8.3.3 Chlorophyll Content, Total Free Amino Acids, H2O2, and Protein Oxidation -- 8.3.4 Lipid Peroxidation and Membrane Permeability -- 8.3.5 Antioxidant Enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX, and Glutathione Reductase) -- 8.4 Discussion.

References -- 9 Drought Stress Responses in Plants, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Defense -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Plant Response to Drought Stress -- 9.2.1 Germination -- 9.2.2 Plant Growth -- 9.2.3 Plant-Water Relations -- 9.2.4 Stomatal Conductance and Gas Exchange -- 9.2.5 Photosynthesis -- 9.2.6 Reproductive Development and Seed Formation -- 9.2.7 Yield Attributes and Yield -- 9.3 Drought and Oxidative Stress -- 9.4 Antioxidant Defense System in Plants Under Drought Stress -- 9.4.1 Non-Enzymatic Components -- 9.4.2 Enzymatic Components -- 9.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- 10 Plant Adaptation to Abiotic and Genotoxic Stress: Relevance to Climate Change and Evolution -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Plant Responses to Abiotic Stress -- 10.3 ROS Induce Genotoxic Stress -- 10.4 Adaptive Responses to Oxidative Stress -- 10.5 Transgenic Adaptation to Oxidative Stress -- 10.6 Adaptive Response to Genotoxic Stress -- 10.7 Role of MAPK and Calcium Signaling in Genotoxic Adaptation -- 10.8 Role of DNA Damage Response in Genotoxic Adaptation -- 10.9 Epigenetics of Genotoxic Stress Tolerance -- 10.10 Transgenerational Inheritance and Adaptive Evolution Driven by the Environment -- 10.11 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 11 UV-B Perception in Plant Roots -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Effect of UV-B on Plants -- 11.2.1 UV-Mediated ROS Generation -- 11.2.2 Response of Plant Roots to Light of a Broad Wavelength -- 11.2.3 UV-B Receptors Found in Roots -- 11.2.4 Tryptophan in UV-B Perception -- 11.2.5 Root Evolution Under a UV-B Environment -- 11.3 Land Plant Evolution was Shaped via Ancient Ozone Depletion -- References -- 12 Improving the Plant Root System Architecture to Combat Abiotic Stresses Incurred as a Result of Global Climate Changes -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 RSA and its Basic Determinants.

12.3 Breeding Approaches to Improve RSA and Abiotic Stress Tolerance -- 12.3.1 Conventional Breeding Approach -- 12.3.2 Identification of QTLs Associated with Specific RSA Traits and Stress Tolerance -- 12.4 Genomic Approaches to Identify Regulators of RSA Associated with Abiotic Stress Tolerance -- 12.5 Transgenic Approaches to Improve RSA for Abiotic Stress Tolerance -- 12.6 Use of Polyamines and Osmotic Regulators in Stress-Induced Modulation of RSA -- 12.7 Hormonal Regulation of Root Architecture and Abiotic Stress Response -- 12.8 Small RNA-Mediated Regulation of RSA and Abiotic Stress Response -- 12.9 Application of Phenomics in Understanding Stress-Associated RSA -- 12.10 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- 13 Activation of the Jasmonate Biosynthesis Pathway in Roots in Drought Stress -- 13.1 Background and Introduction -- 13.2 Plant Growth Factors: Key Role in Biotic and Abiotic Stress Signaling -- 13.3 Jasmonate Biosynthesis Pathway -- 13.4 Roots as the Primary Organ Sensing the Soil Environment -- 13.5 Symbiotic Microorganisms Affect Root Growth and Plant Performance -- 13.6 Symbiotic Organisms Alleviate and Improve Abiotic Stress Tolerance of Host Plants -- 13.7 Role of Jasmonates in Roots -- 13.8 Jasmonic Acid Signal Transduction in Roots and Jasmonic Acid Involvement in Abiotic Stress Response -- 13.9 Jasmonate in Root Response to Abiotic Stresses: Model Legumes and Chickpea Tolerant Varieties Showing Differential Transcript Expression During Salt and Drought Stress -- 13.10 Role of Transcription Factors and MicroRNAs in the Regulation of Jasmonic Acid Signaling -- 13.11 Conclusion -- References -- Part Three: Approaches for Climate Change Mitigation -- 14 Can Carbon in Bioenergy Crops Mitigate Global Climate Change? -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The Many Faces of Carbon -- 14.2.1 Carbon: A Scarce Commodity.

14.2.2 Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles.