Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Part I. Introduction -- Chapter 1. What Is the Cognitive Science of Science? -- Explaining Science -- Approaches to the Cognitive Science of Science -- Methodology of Computational Modeling -- Unified Cognitive Science Research -- Other Approaches to Studying Science -- Studies in the Cognitive Science of Science -- Part II. Explanation and Justification -- Chapter 2. Why Explanation Matters -- Chapter 3. Models of Scientific Explanation -- Explanation -- Deductive Models -- Schema and Analogy Models -- Probabilistic Models -- Neural Network Models -- Causality -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4. How Brains Make Mental Models -- Introduction -- Mental Models -- Abduction -- Neural Representation and Processing -- Neural Mental Models -- Generating New Ideas and Hypotheses -- Embodiment: Moderate and Extreme -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5. Changing Minds about Climate Change: Belief Revision, Coherence, and Emotion -- Scientific Belief Revision -- Climate Change -- Coherence and Revision -- Simulating Belief Revision about Climate Change -- Simulating Resistance to Belief Revision -- Alternative Theories of Belief Revision -- Conclusion -- Appendix -- Chapter 6. Coherence, Truth, and the Development of Scientific Knowledge -- Introduction -- The Relation between Coherence and Truth -- Explanatory Coherence -- The Pessimistic Induction -- Whewell ' s Overoptimistic Induction -- Deepening and the Cautiously Optimistic Induction -- Mechanisms and Explanation -- Approximate Truth -- Deepening the Deepening Maxim -- Conclusion -- Part III. Discovery and Creativity -- Chapter 7. Why Discovery Matters -- Chapter 8. The Aha! Experience: Creativity through Emergent Binding in Neural Networks -- Creative Cognition -- Creativity from Combination of Representations -- Neural Combination and Binding -- Binding by Convolution.

Emotion and Creativity -- Simulations -- What Convolutions Are Creative? -- Limitations -- Comparisons with Related Work -- Conclusion -- Chapter 9. Creative Combination of Representations: Scientific Discovery and Technological Invention -- Introduction -- Study 1: Scientific Discovery -- Study 2: Technological Invention -- Objections to Combination -- Conclusion -- Appendix: Blind Variation -- Chapter 10. Creativity in Computer Science -- Introduction -- Nature and Origins of Problems in Computer Science -- Creative Analogies in Computer Science -- Everyday Creativity -- The Casual Mode of Creativity -- Comparison with Natural Science -- Conclusion -- Chapter 11. Patterns of Medical Discovery -- Introduction -- Medical Hypotheses -- Logical Patterns -- Psychological Patterns -- Neural Patterns -- Technological Patterns -- Conclusion -- Part IV. Conceptual Change -- Chapter 12. Why Conceptual Change Matters -- Chapter 13. Conceptual Change in the History of Science: Life, Mind, and Disease -- Introduction -- History and Philosophy of Science -- Life -- Disease -- Mind -- Conceptual Change -- Chapter 14. Getting to Darwin: Obstacles to Accepting Evolution by Natural Selection -- Introduction -- Cognitive Obstacles -- Emotional Obstacles -- Implications for Science Education -- Conclusion -- Chapter 15. Acupuncture, Incommensurability, and Conceptual Change -- Introduction -- Western Scientifi c Medicine -- Traditional Chinese Medicine -- Incommensurability -- Evaluating Acupuncture -- Conceptual Change as Intentional and Emotional -- Conclusion -- Chapter 16. Conceptual Change in Medicine: Explanations of Mental Illness from Demons to Epigenetics -- Introduction -- Conceptual Change -- Multilevel Explanations in Medicine -- Epigenetics -- Conclusion -- Part V. New Directions -- Chapter 17. Values in Science: Cognitive-Affective Maps -- Introduction.

What Are Values? -- Mapping Values -- Appropriate Uses of Values in Science -- Biases in Scientifi c Inference -- Conclusion -- Chapter 18. Scientific Concepts as Semantic Pointers -- What Are Concepts? -- Force -- Water -- Cell -- Meaning -- What Concepts Are -- Conclusion -- References -- Index.